ArticleCell2021
A non-canonical type 2 immune response coordinates tuberculous granuloma formation and epithelialization.
Article in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Host eicosanoid signals define a granuloma fibroblast population that coordinates mycobacterial containment.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
- Cellular heterogeneity of hepatic granuloma formation and evolution in murine schistosomiasis japonica.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immune endotypes in tuberculosis: Keys to decoding disease complexity.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- SPIC-dependent erythrophagocytic macrophages drive granuloma formation and pathogen persistence during intracellular bacterial infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Alternatively activated monocyte-derived myeloid cells promote extracellular pathogen persistence in pulmonary fungal granulomas.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Loss of Cathepsin Z enhances pro-inflammatory macrophage responses and promotes tissue regeneration.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Article
- Macrophage adaptation to hypoxia in the tuberculous granuloma potentiates mycobacterium-induced mitochondrial damage and granuloma necrosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Leukocyte-epithelial physical contacts mediate interstitial migration in vivo.Research square · 2026Article
- Granuloma dual RNA-seq reveals composite transcriptional programs driven by neutrophils and necrosis within tuberculous granulomas.Science advances · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: emerging modalities, cross-disciplinary innovations, and roadmaps for drug-resistant disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Lesion-specific features of macrophage polarization contribute toFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Methodology for a freshly engineered or cryo-preserved 3D tuberculoma bioplatform for studying tuberculosis biology and high-content screening of therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Multifaceted Roles of STAT6: Implications for Precision Immunotherapeutics.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Necro-mosaic: a lesion-aware framework for testing programmed cell-death-associated mechanisms in tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Eosinophils enhance granuloma-mediated control of persistent Salmonella infection in mice.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Primary tuberculous mycobacterial granulomas provide a niche for superinfecting Mycobacterium abscessus.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Immunopeptidomics can inform the design of mRNA vaccines for the delivery ofScience translational medicine · 2025Article
- Finding and filling the knowledge gaps in mechanisms of T cell-mediated TB immunity to inform vaccine design.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Interplay of human macrophage response and natural resistance of infection by L. (V.) panamensis to pentavalent antimony.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The central pathogen-immune interface in tuberculosis is the granuloma, a complex host immune structure that dictates infection trajectory and physiology. Granuloma macrophages undergo a dramatic transition in which entire epithelial modules are induced and define granuloma architecture. In tuberculosis, relatively little is known about the host signals that trigger this transition. Using the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum model, we identify the basis of granuloma macrophage transformation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of zebrafish granulomas and analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macaques reveal that, even in the presence of robust type 1 immune responses, countervailing type 2 signals associate with macrophage epithelialization. We find that type 2 immune signaling, mediated via stat6, is absolutely required for epithelialization and granuloma formation. In mixed chimeras, stat6 acts cell autonomously within macrophages, where it is required for epithelioid transformation and incorporation into necrotic granulomas. These findings establish the signaling pathway that produces the hallmark structure of mycobacterial infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.