ArticleCell2021
N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 672 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
672 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,006 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Microbiological research · 2023Pooled it
- Cell-Mediated Immunity of mRNA-1283 Vaccine Encoding SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding and N-Terminal Domains in Preclinical and Clinical Studies.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Structural serology of polyclonal antibody responses to mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccines.Cell reports · 2025Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain and N-Terminal Domain mRNA Vaccine.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Interim analysis of a phase 1 randomized clinical trial on the safety and immunogenicity of the mRNA-1283 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Dissociation kinetics and avidity gate SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by HR2 stem helix antibodies.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Functional and structural basis of Omicron BA.3.2.1 spike.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Structural and functional characterization of a conserved cryptic epitope on SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 subunit.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- NTD Remodeling in the SARS-CoV-2 BA.3.2 Variant May Influence Spike Stability and Immune Escape.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A deep mutational scanning-informed protein language model predicts SARS-CoV-2 evolution dynamics with spatiotemporal resolution.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Structural and Accessory Proteins: Emerging Opportunities for Small-Molecule Coronavirus Antivirals.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Computational design of an ultrapotent deltacoronavirus miniprotein inhibitor.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Structural basis for sarbecovirus Rc-o319 spike adaptation to Rhinolophus cornutus Bat ACE2 and constraints on switching to human ACE2.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Cetacean coronavirus spikes highlight S glycoprotein structural plasticity.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Repeated COVID-19 vaccine boosters elicit variant-specific memory B cells in humans.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Determinants of natural killer cell-mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Transition from infectivity and immune escape to pure escape as an evolutionary strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- From single-sequences to evolutionary trajectories: protein language models capture the evolutionary potential of SARS-CoV-2.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Host proteins associated with strong neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a South African cohort.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Host Glycan-Lectin Interplay in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
612 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Update of
Authors and funding
34 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein contains an immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD) targeted by most neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in COVID-19 patient plasma. Little is known about neutralizing Abs binding to epitopes outside the RBD and their contribution to protection. Here, we describe 41 human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) derived from memory B cells, which recognize the SARS-CoV-2 S N-terminal domain (NTD) and show that a subset of them neutralize SARS-CoV-2 ultrapotently. We define an antigenic map of the SARS-CoV-2 NTD and identify a supersite (designated site i) recognized by all known NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs. These mAbs inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect Syrian hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, albeit selecting escape mutants in some animals. Indeed, several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 lineages, harbor frequent mutations within the NTD supersite, suggesting ongoing selective pressure and the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs for protective immunity and vaccine design.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.