ArticleCell reports2021
Linear epitope landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein constructed from 1,051 COVID-19 patients.
Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers.
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Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed.
- Systematic evaluation of IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived peptides for monitoring COVID-19 patients.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2021Trial
- Affinity Selection of MS2 VLPs as SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidates Targeting Nucleocapsid Protein.Viruses · 2026Article
- A stabilized MERS-CoV spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine elicits robust and protective neutralizing antibody responses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Development of an ELISA Using Recombinant Chimeric SM Protein for Serological Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies.Methods and protocols · 2025Article
- Dendritic-cell-targeting virus-like particles as potent mRNA vaccine carriers.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Passive infusion of an S2-Stem broadly neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection and lower airway inflammation in rhesus macaques.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Viral glycoprotein-mediated entry and antibody-mediated immunity in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Identification of dominant peptide epitopes and antibody response to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- An Immunoinformatic Approach for Identifying and Designing Conserved Multi-Epitope Vaccines for Coronaviruses.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- The S2 subunit of spike encodes diverse targets for functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Passive infusion of an S2-Stem broadly neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection and lower airway inflammation in rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Two-dimensional high-throughput on-cell screening of immunoglobulins against broad antigen repertoires.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Production and Immunogenicity Assessment of LTp50: AnPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- AlphaFold2 Reveals Structural Patterns of Seasonal Haplotype Diversification in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants.Biology · 2024Article
- Novel neutralizing SARS-CoV-2-specific mAbs offer detection of RBD linear epitopes.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Bringing immunofocusing into focus.NPJ vaccines · 2024Review
- Phage Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) for Analyzing Antibody Epitope Repertoires Against Food Antigens.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Molecular dissection of an immunodominant epitope in KFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- In Silico Design of a Trans-Amplifying RNA-Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins.Advances in virology · 2024Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
28 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To fully decipher the immunogenicity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein, it is essential to assess which part is highly immunogenic in a systematic way. We generate a linear epitope landscape of the Spike protein by analyzing the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) response of 1,051 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with a peptide microarray. We reveal two regions rich in linear epitopes, i.e., C-terminal domain (CTD) and a region close to the S2' cleavage site and fusion peptide. Unexpectedly, we find that the receptor binding domain (RBD) lacks linear epitope. We reveal that the number of responsive peptides is highly variable among patients and correlates with disease severity. Some peptides are moderately associated with severity and clinical outcome. By immunizing mice, we obtain linear-epitope-specific antibodies; however, no significant neutralizing activity against the authentic virus is observed for these antibodies. This landscape will facilitate our understanding of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral responses and might be useful for vaccine refinement.
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