SynthesisSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2021
Does Site Matter? Impact of Inertial Measurement Unit Placement on the Validity and Reliability of Stride Variables During Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Concurrent validity of wearable IMUs for sagittal plane lower-limb range of motion during walking and estimated ground reaction forces: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of Music Based Therapy Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) Using Wearable Device in Rehabilitation of Neurological Patients: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Pooled it
- Validity and Reliability of Inertial Measurement Units on Lower Extremity Kinematics During Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2022Pooled it
- Project FURTHER: A Physiological, Biomechanical, and Psychosocial Profile of an All-Female 6-Day Ultramarathon Race.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- Quality Assessment of a Foot-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit System to Measure On-Field Spatiotemporal Acceleration Metrics.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Impact of Lower Back Pain on Hip Extension and Lumbosacral Lateral Flexion in Junior Gymnasts during Back-Bending.Journal of human kinetics · 2025Article
- Predicting Running Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Using Neural Network Models Based on an IMU Sensor.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Review of Gait Analysis Using Gyroscopes and Inertial Measurement Units.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Validity and reliability of inertial measurement units on gait, static balance and functional mobility performance among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EFORT open reviews · 2025Article
- Knee kinematics and kicking distance: an IMU and OpenSim-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Wearable Technology Applications and Methods to Assess Clinical Outcomes in Foot and Ankle Disorders: Achievements and Perspectives.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of Spatiotemporal Running Parameter Measurement Using Embedded Inertial Measurement Unit Insoles.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Measure Lower-Limb Kinematics and Pelvic Orientation at Submaximal and Maximal Effort Running Speeds.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Technology Innovation and Guardrails in Elite Sport: The Future is Now.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Inertial Sensor Location for Ground Reaction Force and Gait Event Detection Using Reservoir Computing in Gait.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Validity of Spatio-Temporal Gait Parameters in Healthy Young Adults Using a Motion-Sensor-Based Gait Analysis System (ORPHE ANALYTICS) during Walking and Running.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Is This the Real Life, or Is This Just Laboratory? A Scoping Review of IMU-Based Running Gait Analysis.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Predicting vertical ground reaction forces from 3D accelerometry using reservoir computers leads to accurate gait event detection.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Article
- Step-to-Step Kinematic Validation between an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) 3D System, a Combined Laser+IMU System and Force Plates during a 50 M Sprint in a Cohort of Sprinters.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInertial measurement units (IMUs) are used for running gait analysis in a variety of sports. These sensors have been attached at various locations to capture stride data. However, it is unclear if different placement sites affect the derived outcome measures.
objectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of placement on the validity and reliability of IMU-derived measures of running gait.
methodsOnline databases SPORTDiscus with Full Text, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), EMBASE (Ovid) and Scopus were searched from the earliest record to 6 August 2020. Articles were included if they (1) used an IMU during running (2) reported spatiotemporal variables, peak ground reaction force (GRF) or vertical stiffness and (3) assessed validity or reliability. Meta-analyses were performed for a pooled validity estimate when (1) studies reported means and standard deviation for variables derived from the IMU and criterion (2) used the same IMU placement and (3) determined validity at a comparable running velocity (≤ 1 m·s
resultsThirty-nine articles were included, where placement varied between the foot, tibia, hip, sacrum, lumbar spine (LS), torso and thoracic spine (TS). Initial contact, toe-off, contact time (CT), flight time (FT), step time, stride time, swing time, step frequency (SF), step length (SL), stride length, peak vertical and resultant GRF and vertical stiffness were analysed. Four variables (CT, FT, SF and SL) were meta-analysed, where CT was compared between the foot, tibia and LS placements and SF was compared between foot and LS. Foot placement data were meta-analysed for FT and SL. All data are the mean difference (MD [95%CI]). No significant difference was observed for any site compared to the criterion for CT (foot: - 11.47 ms [- 45.68, 22.74], p = 0.43; tibia: 22.34 ms [- 18.59, 63.27], p = 0.18; LS: - 48.74 ms [- 120.33, 22.85], p = 0.12), FT (foot: 11.93 ms [- 8.88, 32.74], p = 0.13), SF (foot: 0.45 step·min
conclusionPlacement of IMUs on the foot, tibia and LS is suitable to derive valid and reliable stride data, suggesting measurement site may not be a critical factor. However, evidence regarding the ability to accurately detect stride events from the TS is unclear and this warrants further investigation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.