ArticleClinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology2021
Association between nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in early life and eczema phenotypes.
Article in Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Machine learning-derived asthma and allergy trajectories in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Pooled it
- Association betweenFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Changes in oral, skin, and gut microbiota in children with atopic dermatitis: a case-control study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Association Between Nasal Colonization ofAllergy, asthma & immunology research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAn association has been reported between early life Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and higher risk of childhood eczema, but it is unclear whether this relationship is causal and associations with other bacterial species are unclear.
objectiveTo examine the associations of early life nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage with eczema phenotypes, and the direction of any associations identified.
methodsAmong 996 subjects of a population-based prospective cohort study, nasal swabs for Staphylococcus aureus, and nasopharyngeal swabs for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae were collected and cultured from age 6 weeks to 6 years. Never, early, mid-, late transient and persistent eczema phenotypes were identified from parental-reported physician-diagnosed eczema from age 6 months until 10 years. Multinomial regression models and cross-lagged models were applied.
resultsStaphylococcus aureus nasal carriage at 6 months was associated with an increased risk of early transient and persistent eczema (OR (95% CI): 2.69 (1.34, 5.39) and 4.17 (1.12, 15.51)). The associations between Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and eczema were mostly cross-sectional, and not longitudinal. No associations of Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage with eczema and eczema phenotypes were observed (OR range (95% CI): 0.71 (0.35, 1.44) to 1.77 (0.84, 3.73)).
conclusionsEarly life Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage, but not Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza nasopharyngeal carriage, was associated with early transient and persistent eczema. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and eczema were mostly cross-sectionally associated, and not longitudinally, making a causal relationship in either direction unlikely.
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