Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33757941›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2021

Which came first, obstructive sleep apnoea or hypertension? A retrospective study of electronic records over 10 years, with separation by sex.

Eunjoo An, Michael R Irwin, Lynn V Doering, Mary-Lynn Brecht, Karol E Watson, Ravi S Aysola, Andrea P Aguila, Ronald M Harper, Paul M Macey

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
0.1field-weighted citation impact, top 56% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Eunjoo AnUCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Michael R IrwinDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Lynn V DoeringUCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Mary-Lynn BrechtUCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Karol E WatsonDepartment of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Ravi S AysolaDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Andrea P AguilaUCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Ronald M HarperDepartment of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Paul M MaceyUCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA pmacey@ucla.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4093-7458
University of California, Los Angeles · US

Funding

UCLA Clinical Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001881 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARLEEN F. BROWN, ARASH NAEIM · 2016 to 2026
$118.1M
GABA and glutamate changes underlying altered autonomic function in obstructive sleep apneaR01HL135562 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI MACEY, PAUL M, THOMAS, MICHAEL ALBERT · 2018 to 2021
$2.9M
Sex-specific brain injury and symptoms in sleep apneaR56NR017435 · NINR · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI MACEY, PAUL M · 2018 to 2018
$300k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001881NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL135562NINR NIH HHS R56 NR017435
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a risk factor for hypertension (HTN), but the clinical progression of OSA to HTN is unclear. There are also sex differences in prevalence, screening and symptoms of OSA. Our objective was to estimate the time from OSA to HTN diagnoses in females and males.

designRetrospective analysis of electronic health records (EHR) over 10 years (2006-2015 inclusive).

settingUniversity of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Health System in Los Angeles, California, USA.

participants4848 patients: females n=2086, mean (SD) age=52.8 (13.2) years; males n=2762, age=53.8 (13.5) years. These patients were selected from 1.6 million with diagnoses in the EHR who met these criteria: diagnoses of OSA and HTN; in long-term care defined by ambulatory visits at least 1 year prior and 1 year subsequent to the first OSA diagnosis; no diagnosis of OSA or HTN at intake; and a sleep study performed at UCLA. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure in each patient was time from the first diagnosis of OSA to the first diagnosis of HTN (OSA to HTN days). Since HTN and OSA are progressive disorders, a secondary measure was the relationship between OSA to HTN time and age (OSA to HTN=β

resultsThe median (lower and upper quartiles) days from OSA to HTN were: all -532 (-1439, -3); females -610 (-1579, -42); and males -451 (-1358, 0). Older age in both sexes was associated with less time to a subsequent HTN diagnosis or more time from a prior HTN diagnosis (β

conclusionsHTN was on average diagnosed years prior to OSA, with a longer separation in females. Our findings are consistent with underscreening of OSA, more so in females than males. Undiagnosed OSA may delay treatment for the sleep disorder and perhaps affect the development and progression of HTN.

Indexed as

HypertensionSleep Apnea, ObstructiveAdultAgedElectronicsFemaleHumansLos AngelesMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective Studieshealth informaticshypertensionsleep medicine

Identifiers

PMID33757941
PMCPMC7993176
OpenAlexW3136462827

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.