ReviewVirulence2021
Immune dysregulation and system pathology in COVID-19.
Review in Virulence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- CD4Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Organokines in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Cells · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of Treatment with Antioxidants as an Adjuvant to Standard Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock: Analysis of the Correlation between Cytokine Storm and Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Trial
- Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalised at Selected Central Hospitals in Malawi: A Retrospective Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Environmental Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and SARS-CoV-2 Infection History Among Blood Donors.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients Admitted with Pericardial Effusion.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hematological and biochemical markers for predicting severity in COVID-19 patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Dual-function cytokines as modulators of autophagy: reprogramming inflammatory resolution in severe COVID-19.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Association between the imbalance in peripheral lymphocyte subsets and pneumonia-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- New-onset allergic diseases after SARS-CoV-2 infection: mechanistic hypotheses and emerging strategies for risk stratification.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- COVID-19-associated Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and the Role of IVIG Therapy.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Third exposure to COVID-19 infection or vaccination differentially impacts T cell responses.The Journal of infection · 2025Observational
- Multiplex Targeted Proteomic Analysis of Cytokine Ratios for ICU Mortality in Severe COVID-19.Proteomes · 2025Article
- NETosis: A key player in autoimmunity, COVID-19, and long COVID.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- CT-based whole lung radiomics nomogram to identify middle-aged and elderly COVID-19 patients at high risk of progressing to critical disease.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2025Article
- Immune-Related Peripheral Keratopathy in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome.International medical case reports journal · 2025Article
- Endothelial activation and stress index for prediction of mortality in asthma.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Multi-Modal Machine Learning Approach for COVID-19 Detection Using Biomarkers and X-Ray Imaging.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Lung field-based severity score (LFSS): a feasible tool to identify COVID-19 patients at high risk of progressing to critical disease.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global public health crisis. As of 7 January 2021, 87,640,402 confirmed cases and 1,891,692 mortalities have been reported worldwide. Studies focusing on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients have suggested a dysregulated immune response characterized by lymphopenia and cytokine storm in these patients. The exaggerated immune response induced by the cytokine storm causes septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and/or multiple organs failure, which increases the fatality rate of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we review the recent research progress on epidemiology, clinical features, and system pathology in COVID-19. Moreover, we summarized the recent therapeutic strategies, which are either approved, under clinical trial, and/or under investigation by the local or global health authorities. We assume that treatments should focus on the use of antiviral drugs in combination with immunomodulators as well as treatment of the underlying comorbidities.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.