ReviewEmerging infectious diseases2021
Reemergence of Human Monkeypox and Declining Population Immunity in the Context of Urbanization, Nigeria, 2017-2020.
Review in Emerging infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 143 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 278 citations in OpenAlex.
- A century of emergence: trends and patterns in human viral pathogens, 1900-2024, a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Global epidemiology, viral evolution, and public health responses: a systematic review on Mpox (1958-2024).Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Predicting vaccine effectiveness for mpox.Nature communications · 2024Pooled it
- Dynamics of Mpox infection in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- A Global Health Alert on the Re-Emergence of Mpox a Viral Zoonotic Illness Its Prevention and Management: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Knowledge and attitudes toward mpox among the Lebanese population during the second wave and their attitudes toward vaccination.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Waning humoral immunity following monkeypox virus infection and vaccination, Canada, 2020 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Observational
- Simulating a potential mpox outbreak: Implications for control in non-endemic settings.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Advancing epidemic intelligence: evaluating Senegal's mpox surveillance system and readiness for AI-driven predictive modelling.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Comparative humoral profiles in mpox cases, survivors, and vaccinated individuals reveal correlates of protection against MPXV.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Drug repositioning as a promising approach for the eradication of emerging and re-emerging viral agents.Molecular diversity · 2025Review
- Associations between the 2022 global mpox outbreak and multifaceted factors: A multi-geographical retrospective study.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Knowledge and Awareness Levels of Health Professional Candidates Regarding the Mpox: A Multicenter Study in Türkiye.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- From neglected to notoriety: a review of Mpox clinical features, virology, epidemiology, treatment and prevention strategies.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Review
- Left behind no more: ensuring equitable vaccine access to curb mpox in Africa.International health · 2025Article
- Exploring monkeypox virus antibody levels: insights from human immunological research.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Risk perception and mpox vaccine acceptability among people living with HIV in northern Nigeria.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2025Article
- An epidemiological model of monkeypox: model prediction and control application.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria during 2017-2020 provides an illustrative case study for emerging zoonoses. We built a statistical model to simulate declining immunity from monkeypox at 2 levels: At the individual level, we used a constant rate of decline in immunity of 1.29% per year as smallpox vaccination rates fell. At the population level, the cohort of vaccinated residents decreased over time because of deaths and births. By 2016, only 10.1% of the total population in Nigeria was vaccinated against smallpox; the serologic immunity level was 25.7% among vaccinated persons and 2.6% in the overall population. The substantial resurgence of monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017 appears to have been driven by a combination of population growth, accumulation of unvaccinated cohorts, and decline in smallpox vaccine immunity. The expanding unvaccinated population means that entire households, not just children, are now more susceptible to monkeypox, increasing risk of human-to-human transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.