ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2021
Antigenic and molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses in sub-Saharan Africa from 2017 through 2019.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Case Report: Detection and characterization of avian influenza virus H9N2 in a broiler farm in Mozambique, 2025.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Characterization of the first detected Avian Influenza A(H9N2) human case in Ghana.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Detection and characterization of avian influenza H9N2 in a broiler farm in mauritania; 2024.Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses from Live Bird Markets (LBM) in Senegal.Viruses · 2025Article
- Avian influenza overview June-September 2024.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- Genetic insights of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Mali and phylogeographic patterns in Northern and Western Africa.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- Risk distribution of human infections with avian influenza A (H5N1, H5N6, H9N2 and H7N9) viruses in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses in Morocco: Antigenic and Molecular Evolution from 2021 to 2023.Viruses · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the Virulence of Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Strains in Broiler Chickens.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Predominance of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2 in the respiratory co-infections in broilers in Tunisia: a longitudinal field study, 2018-2020.Veterinary research · 2023Article
- Surveillance and Phylogenetic Characterisation of Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Wild Waterfowl in Zambia in 2015, 2020, and 2021.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2023Article
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Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa was historically considered an animal influenza cold spot, with only sporadic highly pathogenic H5 outbreaks detected over the last 20 years. However, in 2017, low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses were detected in poultry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular, phylogenetic, and antigenic characterization of isolates from Benin, Togo, and Uganda showed that they belonged to the G1 lineage. Isolates from Benin and Togo clustered with viruses previously described in Western Africa, whereas viruses from Uganda were genetically distant and clustered with viruses from the Middle East. Viruses from Benin exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from Togo and Uganda, suggesting antigenic drift associated with reduced replication in Calu-3 cells. The viruses exhibited mammalian adaptation markers similar to those of the human strain A/Senegal/0243/2019 (H9N2). Therefore, viral genetic and antigenic surveillance in Africa is of paramount importance to detect further evolution or emergence of new zoonotic strains.
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