ReviewBehavior research methods2021
Considerations for using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to assess cognitive flexibility.
Review in Behavior research methods, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Mapping common and distinct brain correlates among cognitive flexibility tasks: concordant evidence from meta-analyses.Brain imaging and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of pituitary adenomas on cognitive performance: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on Feature Extraction in Electroencephalography-Based Diagnostics and Therapy in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- Task-specific theta enhancement and domain-general alpha/beta suppression as oscillatory signatures of cognitive flexibility.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- Comparison of Cognitive Functions in Patients with Autogenous and Reactive Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Obsessive-compulsive tendencies shift the balance between competitive neurocognitive functions.iScience · 2026Article
- Efficacy Analysis of Evidence-Based Nursing Combined With Computer-Assisted Cognitive Correction Therapy on Cognitive Function and Quality of Life in Patients With Schizophrenia.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Executive Function Assessment Through Wireless EEG and Gait Monitoring During Cognitive-Motor Dual Tasks.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Cognitive Framework for Aircraft Piloting: A Core Cognition Set.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Psychometric Properties of the Japanese Translation of the Detail and Flexibility Questionnaire (DFlex).Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Subdomains of executive function correlate with accuracy on a change detection task.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Set-shifting and task-switching make differential contributions to divergent thinking in adolescence.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- Differential Coding of Associative Memory Information in the Macaque Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- A comparison of single-domain and multidomain executive functions cognitive training for enhancing cognition and well-being in older adults.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Integrated Interventions for Executive Function Deficits in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Cognitive Training to Neuroregulation.Alpha psychiatry · 2026Review
- Racial Trauma and Black Mothers' Mental Health: Does Cognitive Flexibility Buffer the Effects of Racialized Stress?Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Misophonia symptom severity is linked to impaired flexibility and heightened rumination.British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953) · 2026Article
- Assessing Executive Function in Patients With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Through a Game-Based Assessment Task.Behavioural neurology · 2026Article
- Time course of functional and structural brain network changes after mild traumatic brain injury.Brain communications · 2026Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a popular neurocognitive task used to assess cognitive flexibility, and aspects of executive functioning more broadly, in research and clinical practice. Despite its widespread use and the development of an updated WCST manual in 1993, confusion remains in the literature about how to score the WCST, and importantly, how to interpret the outcome variables as indicators of cognitive flexibility. This critical review provides an overview of the changes in the WCST, how existing scoring methods of the task differ, the key terminology and how these relate to the assessment of cognitive flexibility, and issues with the use of the WCST across the literature. In particular, this review focuses on the confusion between the terms 'perseverative responses' and 'perseverative errors' and the inconsistent scoring of these variables. To our knowledge, this critical review is the first of its kind to focus on the inherent issues surrounding the WCST when used as an assessment of cognitive flexibility. We provide recommendations to overcome these and other issues when using the WCST in future research and clinical practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.