ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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45 citing papers in PubMed, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Multiple southward migrations of Neolithic Chinese farmers into Southeast Asia revealed from large-scale Y-chromosome sequences.Science advances · 2026Article
- Global patterns of natural selection inferred using ancient DNA.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The genetic architecture of human skin pigmentation: evolution and adaptation across global populations.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Review
- Haploinsufficiency of GRHL2 is associated with orofacial clefting in humans.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Genomic evidence supports the "long chronology" for the peopling of Sahul.Science advances · 2025Article
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- Urbanization and genetic homogenization in the medieval Low Countries revealed through a ten-century paleogenomic study of the city of Sint-Truiden.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Addendum to Ancient DNA data from Mengzi Ren, a Late Pleistocene individual from Southeast Asia, cannot be reliably used in population genetic analysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Maternal and paternal lineage analysis of Island Southeast Asian goats reveals continental propagation routes and introgression through the Indian ocean.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Genetic Origins of the Kiritimati Population from Central-Eastern Micronesia.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- A near-continuous archaeological record of Pleistocene human occupation at Leang Bulu Bettue, Sulawesi, Indonesia.PloS one · 2025Article
- The genetic origins and impacts of historical Papuan migrations into Wallacea.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Philippine languages supports a rapid migration of Malayo-Polynesian languages.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes.Scientific data · 2024Article
- More than a decade of genetic research on the Denisovans.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2024Review
- African bushpigs exhibit porous species boundaries and appeared in Madagascar concurrently with human arrival.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics.Cell reports · 2023Article
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47 authors at 18 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region's complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups), followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 y ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These observations contradict an exclusive "out-of-Taiwan" model of farming-language-people dispersal within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting ∼1,000 y ago. Lastly, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. Altogether, our findings reveal a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.
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