ArticleBMJ open2021
Socioeconomic status and vitamin D deficiency among women of childbearing age: a population-based, case-control study in rural northern China.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Vitamin D Deficiency During Pregnancy Is Associated With Greater LDL-C Increase, Elevated β-Hydroxybutyrate and Altered Neonatal Metabolic Markers-A Secondary, Pooled Analysis of the Randomized, Controlled Vitamin D and Lifestyle for Gestational Diabetes Prevention Trial (DALI).Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Pregnancy Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Mazandaran, a Province of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of pregnancy · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of hypovitaminosis D in early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study among first-trimester pregnant women.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Maternal Vitamin D Status and Its Association with Neonatal Health: Clinical Implications and Influencing Factors.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluating knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and practices regarding vitamin D in pregnant and postnatal Ghanaian women: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Maternal serum concentrations of vitamin D in pregnancy and preterm birth: a case-control study in Southern Sweden.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Role of Vitamin D in Prediabetes Management, Insights from RCTs in the MENA Region: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Vitamin D Status in Roma Mothers and Newborns: Socioeconomic Factors and Impact on Neonatal Outcome.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Article
- Retrospective Analysis of Vitamin D Deficiency in an Adult Population of Arad County, Western Romania (2019-2022).Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Trends of serum 25(OH) vitamin D and association with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: from NHANES survey cycles 2001-2018.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Infants' Health.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Geographic and urban-rural disparities in dietary energy and macronutrient composition among women of childbearing age: findings from the China health and nutrition survey,1991-2015.Nutrition journal · 2023Article
- Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- Prevalence, trend, and predictor analyses of vitamin D deficiency in the US population, 2001-2018.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Influence of maternal socioeconomic deprivation and living environment on newborn bloodspot 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo explore the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency of women of childbearing age in rural northern China.
designA population-based, case-control study was conducted.
settingFour counties of Henan Province, China from 2009 to 2010.
participants1151 non-pregnant healthy women between 18 and 40 years old. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/mL and <30 ng/mL, deficiency as ≥10 ng/mL and <20 ng/mL, and severe deficiency as <10 ng/mL. SES was measured separately by women's and their husbands' education level and occupation, household income and expenditure, as well as aggregately by SES index constructed with principal component analysis.
resultsThe median serum 25(OH)D level was 20.90 (13.60-34.60) ng/mL, and the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency, deficiency and severe deficiency was 20.16%, 31.80% and 15.99%, respectively. After adjustment, household annual income <¥10 000 was associated with increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.10, 95% CI 1.41 to 3.14), deficiency (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.29) and severe deficiency (aOR: 2.79, 95% CI 1.78 to 4.38); inadequate household income for expenditure was associated with elevated risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR: 1.66, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.54) and deficiency (aOR: 1.81, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.62); low SES index was associated with elevated risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR: 2.40, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.80) and deficiency (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.50); and both middle and low SES index were associated with increased risk of vitamin D severe deficiency (aOR: 1.70, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.84; aOR: 2.45, 95% CI 1.45 to 4.14).
conclusionsLower SES was associated with higher risk of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in women of childbearing age in rural northern China. More should be done to explore potential mechanisms and to narrow down SES inequalities in vitamin D status.
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