Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33753347›Full record

ArticleThe British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners2021

GPs' use of gut feelings when assessing cancer risk: a qualitative study in UK primary care.

Claire Friedemann Smith, Benedikte Møller Kristensen, Rikke Sand Andersen, Fd Richard Hobbs, Sue Ziebland, Brian D Nicholson

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Patients' perceptions on reasons for self-referring to the emergency department shortly before a cancer diagnosis: a qualitative study.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Personal and organisational health literacy in the non-specific symptom pathway for cancer: An ethnographic study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2024
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Creating space for gut feelings in the diagnosis of cancer in primary care.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2022
    Article
  11. Building the case for the use of gut feelings in cancer referrals: perspectives of patients referred to a non-specific symptoms pathway.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2022
    Article
  12. Interpreting negative test results when assessing cancer risk in general practice.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2021
    Article
  13. Approaches to diagnosing cancer earlier in general practice.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2021
    Article
  14. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Claire Friedemann SmithNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9934-5882
Benedikte Møller KristensenResearch Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Rikke Sand AndersenInstitute for Public Health - General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Fd Richard HobbsNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7967-7172
Sue ZieblandNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Brian D NicholsonNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-0661-7362

Funding

Cancer Research UK 17663Cancer Research UK 25617
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe use of gut feelings to guide clinical decision making in primary care has been frequently described but is not considered a legitimate reason for cancer referral.

aimTo explore the role that gut feeling plays in clinical decision making in primary care. DESIGN AND

settingQualitative interview study with 19 GPs in Oxfordshire, UK.

methodGPs who had referred patients to a cancer pathway based on a gut feeling as a referral criterion were invited to participate. Interviews were conducted between November 2019 and January 2020, and transcripts were analysed using the one sheet of paper method.

resultsGut feeling was seen as an essential part of decision making that facilitated appropriate and timely care. GPs distanced their gut feelings from descriptions that could be seen as unscientific, describing successful use as reliant on experience and clinical knowledge. This was especially true for patients who fell within a 'grey area' where clinical guidelines did not match the GP's assessment of cancer risk, either because the guidance inadequately represented or did not include the patient's presentation. GPs sought to legitimise their gut feelings by gathering objective clinical evidence, careful examination of referral procedures, and consultation with colleagues.

conclusionGPs described their gut feelings as important to decision making in primary care and a necessary addition to clinical guidance. The steps taken to legitimise their gut feelings matched that expected in good clinical practice.

Indexed as

General PractitionersNeoplasmsAttitude of Health PersonnelEmotionsHumansPrimary Health CareQualitative ResearchReferral and ConsultationUnited Kingdomcancerclinical decision makingclinical guidelinesreferral and consultation

Identifiers

PMID33753347
PMCPMC7997673

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.