ArticleJournal of molecular cell biology2021
Broad phenotypic alterations and potential dysfunction of lymphocytes in individuals clinically recovered from COVID-19.
Article in Journal of molecular cell biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2-induced IgG repertoires shape T cell responses, microRNA regulation, and autoreactivity according to disease severity.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- Persistent lymphocytopenia in convalescent patients with COVID-19: dysregulated B cell, CD4Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Phenotypic Timeline Kinetics, Integrative Networks, and Performance of T- and B-Cell Subsets Associated with Distinct Clinical Outcome of Severe COVID-19 Patients.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- An angel or a devil? Current view on the role of CD8Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- Non-fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease in pediatric organ transplantation associates with down-regulation of senescence pathways.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Persistent CD19Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Identifying immune checkpoints on dysregulated T-cells as prognostic biomarkers for multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- DISCERN: deep single-cell expression reconstruction for improved cell clustering and cell subtype and state detection.Genome biology · 2023Article
- B lymphocytes in COVID-19: a tale of harmony and discordance.Archives of virology · 2023Review
- Alterations in the Expression of IFN Lambda, IFN Gamma and Toll-like Receptors in Severe COVID-19 Patients.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Immune checkpoint alterations and their blockade in COVID-19 patients.Blood science (Baltimore, Md.) · 2022Review
- Predictive models for COVID-19 detection using routine blood tests and machine learning.Heliyon · 2022Review
- Heterogenous CD8+ T Cell Maturation and 'Polarization' in Acute and Convalescent COVID-19 Patients.Viruses · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Possible Risk Factor for Incidence and Recurrence of Cancers.International journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research · 2022Review
- Immune characteristics analysis reveals two key inflammatory factors correlated to the expressions of SARS-CoV-2 S1-specific antibodies.Genes & diseases · 2022Article
- Major alterations to monocyte and dendritic cell subsets lasting more than 6 months after hospitalization for COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Role of IgM Memory B Cells and Spleen Function in COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Alterations in Phenotypes and Responses of T Cells Within 6 Months of Recovery from COVID-19: A Cohort Study.Virologica Sinica · 2021Article
- Characteristics of T-cell responses in COVID-19 patients with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 positivity - a cohort study.Clinical & translational immunology · 2021Article
- Akt-Fas to Quell Aberrant T Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis in Covid-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although millions of patients have clinically recovered from COVID-19, little is known about the immune status of lymphocytes in these individuals. In this study, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a clinically recovered (CR) cohort were comparatively analyzed with those of an age- and sex-matched healthy donor cohort. We found that CD8+ T cells in the CR cohort had higher numbers of effector T cells and effector memory T cells but lower Tc1 (IFN-γ+), Tc2 (IL-4+), and Tc17 (IL-17A+) cell frequencies. The CD4+ T cells of the CR cohort were decreased in frequency, especially the central memory T cell subset. Moreover, CD4+ T cells in the CR cohort showed lower programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression and had lower frequencies of Th1 (IFN-γ+), Th2 (IL-4+), Th17 (IL-17A+), and circulating follicular helper T (CXCR5+PD-1+) cells. Accordingly, the proportion of isotype-switched memory B cells (IgM-CD20hi) among B cells in the CR cohort showed a significantly lower proportion, although the level of the activation marker CD71 was elevated. For CD3-HLA-DR- lymphocytes in the CR cohort, in addition to lower levels of IFN-γ, granzyme B and T-bet, the correlation between T-bet and IFN-γ was not observed. Additionally, by taking into account the number of days after discharge, all the phenotypes associated with reduced function did not show a tendency toward recovery within 4‒11 weeks. The remarkable phenotypic alterations in lymphocytes in the CR cohort suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection profoundly affects lymphocytes and potentially results in dysfunction even after clinical recovery.
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