ReviewNPJ Parkinson's disease2021
Is LRRK2 the missing link between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease?
Review in NPJ Parkinson's disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Possible linking and treatment between Parkinson's disease and inflammatory bowel disease: a study of Mendelian randomization based on gut-brain axis.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of Parkinson's disease: evidence from a meta-analysis of 14 studies involving more than 13.4 million individuals.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Are neurodegenerative diseases associated with an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease? A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of dementia: An updated meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Constrained peptide mimics of the LRRK2 C-terminal Helix inhibits its kinase activity.Bioorganic chemistry · 2026Article
- Parabacteroides goldsteinii mitigates parkinsonism in LRRK2 mutant mice by reducing neuroinflammation through Gut-Brain axis.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Autoimmune diseases are associated with increased neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular risk, while systemic corticosteroid exposure shows limited neurodegenerative and modest vascular associations.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- Potential Protection Against Parkinson's Disease by Ergothioneine-Nature's Multifactorial Neuroprotectant.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Peripheral immunochemical considerations in Parkinson disease: sources, targets and crosstalk mechanisms.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Role of LRRK2 in physiological activities, diseases, and therapy.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Genetics-mediated regulation of intestinal gene expression on microbiome contributes to human disease heritability.Molecular systems biology · 2026Article
- Central Nervous System Involvement in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bibliometric Analysis of Collaboration, Hotspots, and Research Trends.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Intestinal inflammation promotes neuroinflammation and PD-associated nigrostriatal pathology independently of LRRK2 G2019S kinase activity.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Can smoking history, peripheral inflammation, and nutritional status discriminate Parkinson's disease? Development and validation of a clinically accessible nomogram.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Parkinson Disease and the Gut: A Primer for Gastroenterologists.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Gut Permeability and Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanistic Insights and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- LRRK2 Mediates α-Synuclein-Induced Neuroinflammation and Ferroptosis through the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway in Parkinson's Disease.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Lrrk2 G2019S mutation incites increased cell-intrinsic neutrophil effector functions and intestinal inflammation in a model of infectious colitis.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Associations of digestive diseases exposure and lifestyle factors with Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- The interrelationship between intestinal immune cells and enteric α-synuclein in the progression of Parkinson's disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Links that implicate the gastrointestinal system in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and progression have become increasingly common. PD shares several similarities with Crohn's disease (CD). Intestinal inflammation is common in both PD and CD and is hypothesized to contribute to PD neuropathology. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are one of the greatest genetic contributors to PD. Variants in LRRK2 have also been associated with increased incidence of CD. Since its discovery, LRRK2 has been studied intensely in neurons, despite multiple lines of evidence showing that LRRK2 is highly expressed in immune cells. Based on the fact that higher levels of LRRK2 are detectable in inflamed colonic tissue from CD patients and in peripheral immune cells from sporadic PD patients relative to matched controls, we posit that LRRK2 regulates inflammatory processes. Therefore, LRRK2 may sit at a crossroads whereby gut inflammation and higher LRRK2 levels in CD may be a biomarker of increased risk for sporadic PD and/or may represent a tractable therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases that increase risk for PD. Here we will focus on reviewing how PD and CD share overlapping phenotypes, particularly in terms of LRRK2 in the context of the immune system, that could be targeted in future therapies.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.