Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33748699›Full record

ArticleiScience2021

Gene regulatory networks exhibit several kinds of memory: quantification of memory in biological and random transcriptional networks.

Surama Biswas, Santosh Manicka, Erik Hoel, Michael Levin

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in iScience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

33 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Reductionism in Engram Neuroscience.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. The Multiscale Wisdom of the Body: Collective Intelligence as a Tractable Interface for Next-Generation Biomedicine.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025
    Review
  11. Uncertainty minimization and pattern recognition inJournal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Open problems in synthetic multicellularity.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Surama BiswasAllen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
Santosh ManickaAllen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
Erik HoelAllen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
Michael LevinAllen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) process important information in developmental biology and biomedicine. A key knowledge gap concerns how their responses change over time. Hypothesizing long-term changes of dynamics induced by transient prior events, we created a computational framework for defining and identifying diverse types of memory in candidate GRNs. We show that GRNs from a wide range of model systems are predicted to possess several types of memory, including Pavlovian conditioning. Associative memory offers an alternative strategy for the biomedical use of powerful drugs with undesirable side effects, and a novel approach to understanding the variability and time-dependent changes of drug action. We find evidence of natural selection favoring GRN memory. Vertebrate GRNs overall exhibit more memory than invertebrate GRNs, and memory is most prevalent in differentiated metazoan cell networks compared with undifferentiated cells. Timed stimuli are a powerful alternative for biomedical control of complex

Indexed as

biological sciencesgene networksystems biology

Identifiers

PMID33748699
PMCPMC7970124

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.