ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2021
Cytokine Imbalance in Schizophrenia. From Research to Clinic: Potential Implications for Treatment.
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Canonical and Non-Canonical Antipsychotics' Dopamine-Related Mechanisms of Present and Next Generation Molecules: A Systematic Review on Translational Highlights for Treatment Response and Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Linking Inflammation, Aberrant Glutamate-Dopamine Interaction, and Post-synaptic Changes: Translational Relevance for Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment: a Systematic Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Pooled it
- A double-blind, randomized controlled study of the effects of celecoxib on clinical symptoms and cognitive impairment in patients with drug-naïve first episode schizophrenia: pharmacogenetic impact of cyclooxygenase-2 functional polymorphisms.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Special Issue: Does latent Toxoplasma infection mimic the immune profile of schizophrenia? Sex-specific cytokine and brain-marker alterations suggest partial overlap.Folia parasitologica · 2026Article
- Eugenol mitigates schizophrenia-like behavioral deficits, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and cholinergic dysfunction in ketamine-induced mice.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- The Effects of Gut Microbiota, Plasma Metabolites, Immune Cells, Blood Cells and Cytokines on Schizophrenia: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Study.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- A dual-marker peripheral signature of IL-6 elevation andActa neuropsychiatrica · 2026Article
- Elevated tRNA halves in olfactory epithelial cells of patients with schizophrenia.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in schizophrenia (Review).Biomedical reports · 2026Review
- Toxoplasma gondii infection and chronic IL-1 elevation drive hippocampal DNA double-strand break signaling, leading to cognitive deficits.Nature neuroscience · 2025Article
- Linking Metabolic Disorders and Immune System Phenomena in Schizophrenia: The Role of Adipose Tissue and Inflammation.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Blood Microbiome Analysis Reveals Biomarkers of Treatment Response in Drug-Naïve Patients with First-Episode Psychosis: A Pilot Study.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Autistic Traits in Schizophrenia: Immune Mechanisms and Inflammatory Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Comparative Analysis of Serum BAFF and IL-17 Levels Pre- and Post-Antipsychotic Treatment for Acute Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- The Role of Neuroglia in the Development and Progression of Schizophrenia.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Therapeutic potential of Bergenin in the management of neurological-based diseases and disorders.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Review
- Cognitive Impact of Neurotropic Pathogens: Investigating Molecular Mimicry through Computational Methods.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- The Underlying Neurobiological Mechanisms of Psychosis: Focus on Neurotransmission Dysregulation, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cytokines are one of the most important components of the immune system. They orchestrate the brain's response to infectious and other exogenous insults and are crucial mediators of the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that severe infections and autoimmune disorders, in addition to genetic predisposition, are risk factors for schizophrenia. Furthermore, maternal infection during pregnancy appears to increase the risk of schizophrenia, and proinflammatory cytokines may be negatively involved in the neurodevelopmental process. A cytokine imbalance has been described in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients, particularly in the T helper type 1 [Th1] and type 2 [Th2] cytokines, albeit the results of such studies appear to be contradictory. Chronic stress, likewise, appears to contribute to a lasting proinflammatory state and likely also promotes the disorder. The aim of this mini-review is to investigate the roles of different cytokines in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and define how cytokines may represent key molecular targets to regulate for the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia. How current antipsychotic drugs impact cytokine networks is also evaluated. In this context, we propose to change the focus of schizophrenia from a traditionally defined brain disorder, to one that is substantially impacted by the periphery and immune system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.