ArticlePlant physiology2021
The fluoride transporter FLUORIDE EXPORTER (FEX) is the major mechanism of tolerance to fluoride toxicity in plants.
Article in Plant physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Monovalent cations differentially regulate the activity of eukaryotic fluoride channels and impact fluoride resistance.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- The molecular mechanism of fluoride export by the eukaryotic fluoride channel FEX.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A simple and low-cost method for fluoride analysis of plant materials using alkali extraction and ion-selective electrode.Plant methods · 2025Article
- Fluoride: Toxicity, Mechanism and Role of Bioremediation in Detoxification.Current microbiology · 2025Review
- Calmodulin1-Calmodulin Binding Transcription Activator (CAM1-CAMTA) negatively regulate the transcription of Fluoride Export Gene 1 (FEX1) to mediate fluoride transport in tea (Camellia sinensis).Journal of experimental botany · 2025Article
- Aluminum-activated malate transporter family member CsALMT6 mediates fluoride resistance in tea plants (Horticulture research · 2025Article
- Reasons why life on Earth rarely makes fluorine-containing compounds and their implications for the search for life beyond Earth.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- The link between ancient microbial fluoride resistance mechanisms and bioengineering organofluorine degradation or synthesis.Nature communications · 2024Review
- Fluoride transport in Arabidopsis thaliana plants is impaired in Fluoride EXporter (FEX) mutants.Plant molecular biology · 2024Article
- Lanthanum-fluoride electrode-based methods to monitor fluoride transport in cells and reconstituted lipid vesicles.Methods in enzymology · 2024Article
- The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in strengthening plant resistance to fluoride toxicity: a review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fluoride is everywhere in the environment, yet it is toxic to living things. How biological organisms detoxify fluoride has been unknown until recently. Fluoride-specific ion transporters in both prokaryotes (Fluoride channel; Fluc) and fungi (Fluoride Exporter; FEX) efficiently export fluoride to the extracellular environment. FEX homologues have been identified throughout the plant kingdom. Understanding the function of FEX in a multicellular organism will reveal valuable knowledge about reducing toxic effects caused by fluoride. Here we demonstrate the conserved role of plant FEX (FLUORIDE EXPORTER) in conferring fluoride tolerance. Plant FEX facilitates the efflux of toxic fluoride ions from yeast cells and is required for fluoride tolerance in plants. A CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana FEX renders the plant vulnerable to low concentrations (100 µM) of fluoride at every stage of development. Pollen is particularly affected, failing to develop even at extremely low levels of fluoride in the growth medium. The action of the FEX membrane transport protein is the major fluoride defense mechanism in plants.
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Registered trials
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