ReviewImmunology2021
Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in COVID-19, a double-edged sword?
Review in Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanistic Interplay Between Multiple Myeloma and Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Therapeutic Promise of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- When Viruses Talk through Extracellular Vesicles: a New Perspective on Sars-Cov-2-Induced Neurodegeneration.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles as key biomarkers in COVID-19: insights into disease severity and mortality through CD86 and other immune markers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Comparative Examination of Feline Coronavirus and Canine Coronavirus Effects on Extracellular Vesicles Acquired from A-72 Canine Fibrosarcoma Cell Line.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Beyond Borders of the Cell: How Extracellular Vesicles Shape COVID-19 for People with Cystic Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles: The Invisible Heroes and Villains of COVID-19 Central Neuropathology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Lipid Metabolism Modulation during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Spotlight on Extracellular Vesicles and Therapeutic Prospects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Anti-Viral Activity of Bioactive Molecules of Silymarin against COVID-19 via In Silico Studies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Extracellular Vesicles as a Translational Approach for the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease: An Updated Overview.Viruses · 2023Review
- The Tricky Connection between Extracellular Vesicles and Mitochondria in Inflammatory-Related Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Extracellular Vesicles of COVID-19 Patients Reflect Inflammation, Thrombogenicity, and Disease Severity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells - a novel therapeutic tool in infectious diseases.Inflammation and regeneration · 2023Review
- The Latest Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of COVID-19 on Non-Lung Organs.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Conventional and Novel Diagnostic Tools for the Diagnosis of Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Circulating extracellular particles from severe COVID-19 patients show altered profiling and innate lymphoid cell-modulating ability.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Extracellular Vesicles in Sepsis: Pathogenic Roles, Organ Damage, and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of medical sciences · 2023Review
- Extracellular Vesicles' Role in the Pathophysiology and as Biomarkers in Cystic Fibrosis and COPD.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Extracellular vesicles, from the pathogenesis to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2022Review
- Meet changes with constancy: Defence, antagonism, recovery, and immunity roles of extracellular vesicles in confronting SARS-CoV-2.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2022Review
- Update on Extracellular Vesicle-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics to Combat COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The sudden outbreak of SARS-CoV-2-infected disease (COVID-19), initiated from Wuhan, China, has rapidly grown into a global pandemic. Emerging evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs), a key intercellular communicator, in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19, cells that express ACE2 and CD9 can transfer these viral receptors to other cells via EVs, making recipient cells more susceptible for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Once infected, cells release EVs packaged with viral particles that further facilitate viral spreading and immune evasion, aggravating COVID-19 and its complications. In contrast, EVs derived from stem cells, especially mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, alleviate severe inflammation (cytokine storm) and repair damaged lung cells in COVID-19 by delivery of anti-inflammatory molecules. These therapeutic beneficial EVs can also be engineered into drug delivery platforms or vaccines to fight against COVID-19. Therefore, EVs from diverse sources exhibit distinct effects in regulating viral infection, immune response, and tissue damage/repair, functioning as a double-edged sword in COVID-19. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the pathological roles of EVs in COVID-19. A comprehensive discussion of the therapeutic effects/potentials of EVs is also provided.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.