Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33741994›Full record

ArticleNature communications2021

Evidence for sponges as sister to all other animals from partitioned phylogenomics with mixture models and recoding.

Anthony K Redmond, Aoife McLysaght

Erratum issuedAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
61citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Rethinking Plasticity in Sponges.Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Sex Determination in Sponges.Molecular reproduction and development · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Why Homoscleromorph Sponges Have Ciliated Epithelia: Evidence for an Ancestral Role in Mucociliary Driven Particle Flux.Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Beyond synapses: cytoplasmic connections in brain function and evolution.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025
    Review
  12. Roots and early routes of neuroendocrinology.Cell and tissue research · 2025
    Review
  13. Phosphatic stromatoporoid sponges formed reefs ~480 Mya.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  14. The architecture of sponge choanocyte chambers is well adapted to mechanical pumping functions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
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  20. Article

1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Anthony K RedmondSmurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7895-2410
Aoife McLysaghtSmurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. aoife.mclysaght@tcd.ie.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2552-6220

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Resolving the relationships between the major lineages in the animal tree of life is necessary to understand the origin and evolution of key animal traits. Sponges, characterized by their simple body plan, were traditionally considered the sister group of all other animal lineages, implying a gradual increase in animal complexity from unicellularity to complex multicellularity. However, the availability of genomic data has sparked tremendous controversy as some phylogenomic studies support comb jellies taking this position, requiring secondary loss or independent origins of complex traits. Here we show that incorporating site-heterogeneous mixture models and recoding into partitioned phylogenomics alleviates systematic errors that hamper commonly-applied phylogenetic models. Testing on real datasets, we show a great improvement in model-fit that attenuates branching artefacts induced by systematic error. We reanalyse key datasets and show that partitioned phylogenomics does not support comb jellies as sister to other animals at either the supermatrix or partition-specific level.

Indexed as

PhylogenyAnimalsBiological EvolutionCtenophoraGenomeGenomicsModels, GeneticPoriferaSpecies Specificity

Identifiers

PMID33741994
PMCPMC7979703

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.