ReviewCell death & disease2021
Immunotherapy for recurrent glioblastoma: practical insights and challenging prospects.
Review in Cell death & disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immunotherapy advancement targeting malignant blastomas in early childhood.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of methodology, reporting and transparency of 50 highly cited randomised trials in neurology: a cross-sectional analysis.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Harnessing Natural Killer Cells: From Neuroimmunology to Novel Therapies for Central Nervous System Diseases.MedComm · 2026Review
- Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Demonstrate Potent Antitumor Activity Against Human Glioblastoma In Vitro and In Vivo.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Integrative analysis identified the key role of LAG3 in T cell exhaustion in glioma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Current Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies in Diffuse Gliomas: Focus on Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype, and Emerging Targeted Therapies for IDH-Mutant Tumors.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A machine learning-defined cellular senescence signature systematically enhances prognostication and guides immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of gliomas.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- TRIM47-mediated Ubiquitination of p53 Controls Proliferative Progression and Stress Adaptation in Glioblastoma.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Integrating biocomputational techniques for vaccine development for glioblastoma multiforme: a possible way of enhancing precision.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Emerging frontiers in glioma therapy: the evolving role of glioma vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Oncolytic Viruses in Glioblastoma: Clinical Progress, Mechanistic Insights, and Future Therapeutic Directions.Cancers · 2025Review
- NovumRNA: Accurate prediction of non-canonical tumor antigens from RNA sequencing data.iScience · 2025Article
- Pan-cancer and machine learning reveal the role of cell adhesion molecules in prognosis, immune remodeling, and anti-tumour therapy in lower-grade gliomas.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Utilizing Monocarboxylate Transporter 1-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration for Glioblastoma Positron Emission Tomography Imaging with 6-[Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma contributes to immune escape and malignant progression via the c-Fos-MDK-LRP1 axis.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Overcoming temozolomide resistance in glioma: recent advances and mechanistic insights.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Review
- IL-19 as a promising theranostic target to reprogram the glioblastoma immunosuppressive microenvironment.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Article
- Arming AAV9 with a Single-Chain Fragment Variable Antibody Against PD-1 for Systemic Glioblastoma Therapy.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Bispecific Antibodies in Glioblastoma: Mechanistic Advances, Delivery Innovations, and Translational Challenges in Overcoming Immune Escape.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common high-grade intracranial malignant tumor with highly malignant biological behavior and a high recurrence rate. Although anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have achieved significant survival benefits in several kinds of solid tumors, the phase III clinical trial Checkmate 143 demonstrated that nivolumab, which targets PD-1, did not achieve survival benefits compared with bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma (rGB) patients. Nevertheless, neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy followed by surgery and adjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy could effectively activate local and systemic immune responses and significantly improve the OS of rGB patients. Furthermore, several studies have also confirmed the progress made in applying tumor-specific peptide vaccination or chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy to treat rGB patients, and successes with antibodies targeting other inhibitory checkpoints or costimulatory molecules have also been reported. These successes inspired us to explore candidate combination treatments based on anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. However, effective predictive biomarkers for clinical efficacy are urgently needed to avoid economic waste and treatment delay. Attempts to prolong the CAR-T cell lifespan and increase T cell infiltration through engineering techniques are addressing the challenge of strengthening T cell function. In this review, we describe the immunosuppressive molecular characteristics of rGB; clinical trials exploring anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, tumor-specific peptide vaccination, and CAR-T cell therapy; candidate combination strategies; and issues related to strengthening T cell function.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.