ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2021
Sleep Spindles Preferentially Consolidate Weakly Encoded Memories.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Memory retention following acoustic stimulation in slow-wave sleep: a meta-analytic review of replicability and measurement quality.Frontiers in sleep · 2023Pooled it
- The growing gap: A study of sleep, encoding, and consolidation of new words in chronic traumatic brain injury.Neuropsychologia · 2023Trial
- Slow Oscillation-Sleep Spindle Coupling Is Associated With Expectancy Measures of Fear Extinction Retention in Trauma-Exposed Individuals.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Odor-Cued Targeted Reactivation Was Unable to Selectively Benefit Declarative Memories During Sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Theta oscillations tag episodic memories for sleep-dependent consolidation.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Autonomic Gating of Ripple Mode Selection at Sleep Onset.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Arousal state modulates human hippocampal ripples.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Long-Term Visual Gist Abstraction Independent of Post-Encoding Sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Modulating sleep: slow oscillation and spindle stimulation effects on physiology and memory.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Recovery sleep after total sleep deprivation preserves neutral and enhances emotional declarative memory.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2026Article
- Festschrift in honor of Dr. Robert Stickgold, pioneer in sleep, memory, and dream research.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2026Article
- Offline consolidation mechanisms of the retrieval practice effect: an analysis based on EEG signal characteristics.NPJ science of learning · 2025Article
- Sleep State Influences Early Sound Encoding at Cortical But Not Subcortical Levels.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Personalized targeted memory reactivation enhances consolidation of challenging memories via slow wave and spindle dynamics.NPJ science of learning · 2025Article
- Neurophysiological effects of targeting sleep spindles with closed-loop auditory stimulation.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2025Article
- Slow oscillation-sleep spindle coupling is associated with fear extinction retention in trauma-exposed individuals.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Slow Oscillation-Spindle Coupling Predicts Sequence-Based Language Learning.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Cognitive Impairment and Quality of Life in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Multimodal Neuroimaging Perspective.International journal of general medicine · 2025Review
- A visual paired associate learning (vPAL) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sleep has been shown to be critical for memory consolidation, with some research suggesting that certain memories are prioritized for consolidation. Initial strength of a memory appears to be an important boundary condition in determining which memories are consolidated during sleep. However, the role of consolidation-mediating oscillations, such as sleep spindles and slow oscillations, in this preferential consolidation has not been explored. Here, 54 human participants (76% female) studied pairs of words to three distinct encoding strengths, with recall being tested immediately following learning and again 6 h later. Thirty-six had a 2 h nap opportunity following learning, while the remaining 18 remained awake throughout. Results showed that, across 6 h awake, weakly encoded memories deteriorated the fastest. In the nap group, however, this effect was attenuated, with forgetting rates equivalent across encoding strengths. Within the nap group, consolidation of weakly encoded items was associated with fast sleep spindle density during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Moreover, sleep spindles that were coupled to slow oscillations predicted the consolidation of weak memories independently of uncoupled sleep spindles. These relationships were unique to weakly encoded items, with spindles not correlating with memory for intermediate or strong items. This suggests that sleep spindles facilitate memory consolidation, guided in part by memory strength.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.