ArticleVaccine2021
Social norms and vaccine uptake: College students' COVID vaccination intentions, attitudes, and estimated peer norms and comparisons with influenza vaccine.
Article in Vaccine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 207 citations in OpenAlex.
- Attitudes of COVID-19 vaccination among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis of willingness, associated determinants, and reasons for hesitancy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Evaluation of the Acceptance Rate of Covid-19 Vaccine and its Associated Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of prevention (2022) · 2022Pooled it
- How to Improve People's Intentions Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination in China: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Trial
- Randomised experimental evaluation of a social media campaign to promote COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria.Journal of global health · 2024Trial
- Influencing Canadian young adults to receive additional COVID-19 vaccination shots: the efficacy of brief video interventions focusing on altruism and individualism.Frontiers in public health · 2024Trial
- Social-contextual factors interact with masculinity to influence college men's HPV vaccination intentions: The role of descriptive norms, prototypes, and physician gender.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2022Trial
- Deep learning analysis of trajectories and spatial variations in HPV vaccine discussions on Chinese Weibo.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Vaccine Uptake: Perceptual and Social Drivers of Adoption Speed Across Innovation Diffusion Curve.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- A new experimental approach to manipulate social identity and social norms about protective behaviors in a virtual social environment.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study Examining Vaccine Uptake and Attitudes Among Parents Compared to Other Adults.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2026Article
- Conformity to social norm interventions is not amplified in tighter nations.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- Human papillomavirus vaccination in rural Malawi: Identifying factors associated with vaccine uptake using a community-based household survey.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Italian university students: Insights from history to shape the future.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Normative influence in a time of distrust and polarization: how perceived social norms predict COVID-19 vaccination intentions among Black Americans.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Predicting COVID-19 vaccination timing by integrating the theory of planned behavior and the diffusion of innovations: a cross-sectional survey in Macao, China.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Seasonal Mortality Patterns Analyzing Epidemiological Impact of COVID-19 on Overall Mortality Rates in Belgrade, Serbia Over Three-Year Period (2020-2023): Mental Health Consequences and Public Health Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring influenza vaccination determinants through digital participatory surveillance.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Paranoia affected COVID-19 vaccine refusal by increasing beliefs in conspiracy theories and mistrust of science.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Factors shaping Covid-19 vaccine acceptability among young people in South Africa and Nigeria: An exploratory qualitative study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVaccination may be critical to curtailing the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, but herd immunity can only be realized with high vaccination coverage. There is a need to identify empirically supported strategies to increase uptake, especially among young adults as this subpopulation has shown relatively poor adherence to physical distancing guidelines. Social norms - estimates of peers' behavior and attitudes - are robust predictors of health behaviors and norms-based intervention strategies may increase COVID vaccine uptake, once available. This study examined the extent that vaccination intentions and attitudes were associated with estimated social norms as an initial proof-of-concept test.
methodIn November of 2020, 647 undergraduate students (46.21% response rate) completed online surveys in which they reported intentions to get COVID and influenza vaccines, perceived importance of these vaccines for young adults, and estimated social norms regarding peers' vaccination behaviors and attitudes.
resultsStudents reported significantly greater intentions to get a COVID vaccine (91.64%) than an influenza vaccine (76.04%), and perceived COVID vaccination as significantly more important than influenza vaccination. The sample generally held strong intentions to receive a COVID vaccine and thought that doing so was of high importance, but participants, on average, perceived that other young adults would be less likely to be vaccinated and would not think vaccination was as important. Multiple regression models indicated that estimated social norms were positively associated with participants' own intentions and perceived importance of getting a COVID vaccine.
conclusionsThese significant associations highlight the potential value in developing and testing norms-based intervention strategies, such as personalized normative feedback, to improve uptake of forthcoming COVID vaccines among young adults.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.