ArticleMolecular therapy oncolytics2021
Systemic immunity upon local oncolytic virotherapy armed with immunostimulatory genes may be supported by tumor-derived exosomes.
Article in Molecular therapy oncolytics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- CDC73 suppresses lung adenocarcinoma via the PTEN/AKT pathway and exhibits biomarker and functional potential in extracellular vesicles.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Safety of intratumoral immunostimulatory LOAd703 gene therapy combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer.Immuno-oncology technology · 2026Article
- Innate immune cells in chimeric antigen receptor therapy.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles as missiles for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic viruses: from disseminating oncolysis and anti-tumor immunity to targeted delivery.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Unveiling the nexus: Oncolytic viruses, extracellular vesicles, and immune modulation.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- Harnessing the power of exosomes for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of hematological malignancies.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
- Oncolytic alphavirus-induced extracellular vesicles counteract the immunosuppressive effect of melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exosome-Derived Cargos in Immune Microenvironment in Esophageal Carcinoma: A Mini-Review.Recent patents on anti-cancer drug discovery · 2025Review
- Proteomic Analysis of Plasma Exosomes Enables the Identification of Lung Cancer in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Thoracic cancer · 2025Article
- Oncolytic viruses alter the biogenesis of tumor extracellular vesicles and influence their immunogenicity.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2024Article
- Integrating system biology and intratumor gene therapy by trans-complementing the appropriate co-stimulatory molecule as payload in oncolytic herpes virus.Cancer gene therapy · 2024Article
- Systemic delivery of oncolytic herpes virus using CAR-T cells enhances targeting of antitumor immuno-virotherapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- CD40 stimulation via CD40 ligand enhances adenovirus-mediated tumour immunogenicity including 'find-me', 'eat-me', and 'kill-me' signalling.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Article
- Harnessing adenovirus in cancer immunotherapy: evoking cellular immunity and targeting delivery in cell-specific manner.Biomarker research · 2024Review
- Oncolytic Virotherapy: A New Paradigm in Cancer Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Application of exosomes in tumor immunity: recent progresses.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- Research progress of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs in cancer liquid biopsy.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Human Papillomavirus-Associated Tumor Extracellular Vesicles in HPVJournal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Immunostimulatory gene therapy targeting CD40, 4-1BB and IL-2R activates DCs and stimulates antigen-specific T-cell and NK-cell responses in melanoma models.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Tumor gene signatures that correlate with release of extracellular vesicles shape the immune landscape in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunostimulatory gene therapy utilizing oncolytic viruses (OVs) as gene vehicles is a promising immunotherapy for cancer. Since viruses are immunogenic, systemic delivery can be troublesome due to neutralizing antibodies. Nevertheless, local delivery by intratumoral injection seems to induce systemic immune reactions. In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism of action of armed OV therapy suggesting that exosomes released by tumor cells infected with armed OV may participate to activate the immune system and this may also support systemic immunity. Tumor cell-derived exosomes commonly exert immunosuppressive functions. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from OV-infected tumor cells may instead be immunostimulatory. Human melanoma cells were infected by OVs armed with costimulatory molecules CD40 ligand (CD40L) and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL). Exosomes were purified and investigated for the presence of CD40L/4-1BBL mRNA and protein, and for their capacity to stimulate immune responses. The results show that the exosomes cargo transgenes. The exosomes from CD40L/4-1BBL-expressing tumor cells, or the viruses themselves, could stimulate robust dendritic cell (DC) activation with an enhanced level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules. Hence, exosomes after OV infection can locally activate immune responses at the tumor site and encounter immune cells such as DCs.
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