ArticleScientific reports2021
Time spent outdoors in childhood is associated with reduced risk of myopia as an adult.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence: A Systematic Review of Factors Affecting Observed Ocular Damage.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Pooled it
- Light Therapy for Myopia Prevention and Control: A Systematic Review on Effectiveness, Safety, and Implementation.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Pooled it
- Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence as a biomarker of outdoor exposure in myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Reduced Childhood Outdoor Exposure Raises Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis (PedMS) Risk.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Transforming preservice teachers' emotions and appraisals on outdoor learning in early childhood education.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Role of Vitamin D and Selected Nutrients in the Development of Myopia in Children and Young Adults: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Parent engagement in children's eye care behavior and vision-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Light and myopia: a focus on the expanding role of non-visual opsins.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2026Review
- Influence of Astigmatism Type on Myopia Progression Among Children Wearing Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) Spectacle Lenses.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Lethal Heat and Humidity Events.Annual review of environment and resources · 2025Article
- Predicting onset of myopic refractive error in children using machine learning on routine pediatric eye examinations only.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Post-market Surveillance Analysis of Refractive Data in Users of Delivery TyroOphthalmology and therapy · 2025Article
- Childhood Myopia Part I: Contemporary Treatment Options.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- The Benefits of Badminton in the Inhibition of Myopia Progression.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development and validation of the Artificial Intelligence-Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (AI-PVR) Insight system for deep learning-based diagnosis and postoperative risk prediction in proliferative vitreoretinopathy using multimodal fundus imaging.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- Topical Dopamine Application on Form-Deprivation Myopia in Rabbits.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The effects of physical exercise with additional visual tasks on vision and anxiety in children aged 10-11 years.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Article
- Comparison of myopia-related behaviors among Chinese school-aged children and associations with parental awareness of myopia control: a population-based, cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 13 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Myopia (near-sightedness) is an important public health issue. Spending more time outdoors can prevent myopia but the long-term association between this exposure and myopia has not been well characterised. We investigated the relationship between time spent outdoors in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood and risk of myopia in young adulthood. The Kidskin Young Adult Myopia Study (KYAMS) was a follow-up of the Kidskin Study, a sun exposure-intervention study of 1776 children aged 6-12 years. Myopia status was assessed in 303 (17.6%) KYAMS participants (aged 25-30 years) and several subjective and objective measures of time spent outdoors were collected in childhood (8-12 years) and adulthood. Index measures of total, childhood and recent time spent outdoors were developed using confirmatory factor analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between a 0.1-unit change in the time outdoor indices and risk of myopia after adjusting for sex, education, outdoor occupation, parental myopia, parental education, ancestry and Kidskin Study intervention group. Spending more time outdoors during childhood was associated with reduced risk of myopia in young adulthood (multivariable odds ratio [OR] 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69, 0.98). Spending more time outdoors in later adolescence and young adulthood was associated with reduced risk of late-onset myopia (≥ 15 years of age, multivariable OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64, 0.98). Spending more time outdoors in both childhood and adolescence was associated with less myopia in young adulthood.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.