ArticleBMJ open2021
Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mapping inequities in safe water access: a spatial and geographically weighted regression analysis of unimproved water source use in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- Categorization of household drinking water and sanitation service levels and associated determinants in Uganda.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multilevel analysis of improved water utilization and associated factors in Yemen: using 2013 DHS Yemen national dataset.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Determinants of households' access to improved drinking water sources in Somalia: insights from the Somali Integrated Household Budget Survey (SIHBS) 2022.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Spatial and multilevel analysis of determinant factors for safely managed sanitation services in Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A multilevel analysis of basic water availability in Ethiopia using 2016 demographic health survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Mapping and predicting open defecation in Ethiopia: 2021 PMA-ET study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Access to drinking safe water and its associated factors among households in East Africa: a mixed effect analysis using 12 East African countries recent national health survey.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Financial inclusion and improved water usage among households in Ghana.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Rural-urban disparities in basic sanitation access among households: a multivariable decomposition analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2019.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Open Defecation Practice and Associated Factors Among Households in Geshiyaro Project Implementation Sites in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Environmental health insights · 2024Article
- Unimproved source of drinking water and the associated factors: Insights from the 2020 Somalia demographic and health survey.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Exploring factors influencing the severity of pregnancy anemia in India: a study using proportional odds model.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- High prevalence of active trachoma and associated factors among school-aged children in Southwest Ethiopia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Unimproved source of drinking water and its associated factors: a spatial and multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Risk Factors for Colonization With Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Urban and Rural Communities in Kenya: An Antimicrobial Resistance in Communities and Hospitals (ARCH) Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis.Tropical medicine and health · 2023Article
- Situational analysis of antimicrobial resistance, laboratory capacities, surveillance systems and containment activities in Ethiopia: A new and one health approach.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Review
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8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.
designCross-sectional study.
settingEthiopia.
participantsHousehold heads. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: Access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.
methodsWe conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables.
resultsThe proportions of households' access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region.
conclusionThe study found that the proportions of households' access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.
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