ArticleBMJ open2021
Breastfeeding education, early skin-to-skin contact and other strong determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in an urban population: a prospective study.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Study of mothers' perceptions of breastfeeding support in Lithuania: is Baby-Friendly Hospital status associated with better breastfeeding support?International breastfeeding journal · 2026Observational
- Strengthening breastfeeding counseling through a two-phase training and implementation intervention in Ecuador's local healthcare system.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Payor status is associated with guideline-concordant skin-to-skin contact at an urban hospital in south central United States: a retrospective cohort study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding Determinants in Bafia Health District (Cameroon): A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Breastfeeding and Infant Formulas: Short- and Long-Term Impacts on Infant Nutrition and Health.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- A Systematic Review of Multifactorial Barriers Related to Breastfeeding.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Correlates of early initiation of breast feeding and prelacteal feeding: a cross-sectional study in Sindh province of Pakistan.BMJ open · 2023Article
- [Factors associated with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of children aged 6 to 12 months in Kaolack (Senegal)].The Pan African medical journal · 2023Article
- Prevalence and predictors of mother and newborn skin-to-skin contact at birth in Papua New Guinea.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Clinical significance and main parameters promoting the breast‑feeding strategy (Review).Medicine internationalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe current study aims to demonstrate independent associations between social, educational and health practice interventions as determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in an urban Ecuadorian population.
designProspective survival analyses.
settingEcuadorian mother-child dyads in urban settings.
participantsWe followed-up 363 mother-baby dyads who attended healthcare centres in Portoviejo, province of Manabi, for a median time (P25-P75) of 125 days (121-130 days).
main outcome measuresWe performed a survival analysis, by setting the time-to-abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding measured in days of life, that is, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, periodically assessed by phone, as the primary outcome. Crude and adjusted mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards model were performed to estimate HRs for each explanatory variable.
resultsThe incidence rate of abandonment of breastfeeding was 8.9 per 1000 person-days in the whole sample. Multivariate analysis indicated the three most significant protective determinants of exclusive breastfeeding were (a) sessions of prenatal breastfeeding education with an HR of 0.7 (95% CI: 0.5 to 0.9) per each extra session, (b) self-perception of milk production, with an HR of 0.4 (95% CI: 0.3 to 0.6) per each increase in the perceived quantity of milk production and (c) receiving early skin-to-skin contact with an HR of 0.1 (95% CI: <0.1 to 0.3) compared with those not receiving such contact, immediately after birth.
conclusionsPrenatal education on breastfeeding, self-perception of sufficient breast-milk production and early skin-to-skin contact appear to be strong protectors of exclusive breastfeeding among urban Ecuadorian mother-baby dyads.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.