ArticleArchives of disease in childhood2021
Sharing a household with children and risk of COVID-19: a study of over 300 000 adults living in healthcare worker households in Scotland.
Article in Archives of disease in childhood, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variant-Specific Viral Kinetics in Acute COVID-19.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Description and analysis of representative COVID-19 cases-A retrospective cohort study.PloS one · 2021Trial
- COVID-19 symptom duration: evidence from a survey of infected workers in Tokyo.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Association between parenthood and survival among 30,386 patients hospitalized with COVID-19.PloS one · 2026Article
- BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination uptake, safety, effectiveness, and waning in children and young people aged 5-11 years in Scotland.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Living With School-Aged Children and the Risk of Absenteeism Among Healthcare Workers During the Twindemic of COVID-19 and Influenza.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for Community and Intrahousehold Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Modeling in a Nationwide French Population-Based Cohort Study, the EpiCoV Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers in Dutch hospitals after the 2020 first wave: a multicentre cross-sectional study with prospective follow-up.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Article
- Intergenerational coresidence and the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States.Economics and human biology · 2023Article
- Long COVID as a functional somatic symptom disorder caused by abnormally precise prior expectations during Bayesian perceptual processing: A new hypothesis and implications for pandemic response.SAGE open medicine · 2023Review
- BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination uptake, safety, effectiveness and waning in children and young people aged 12-17 years in Scotland.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2022Article
- Understanding the exceptional pre-vaccination Era East Asian COVID-19 outcomes.Advances in biological regulation · 2022Article
- Prediction of COVID-19 Infections for Municipalities in the Netherlands: Algorithm Development and Interpretation.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
- A computational framework for modelling infectious disease policy based on age and household structure with applications to the COVID-19 pandemic.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection in households with and without young children: Nationwide cohort study, Denmark, 27 February 2020 to 26 February 2021.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2022Article
- Author response to: Letter to Editor in Response to the association between contact with children and the clinical course of COVID-19.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Article
- Is living in a household with children associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in adults? Results from the Swiss national seroprevalence study Corona Immunitas.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- The Association between Contact with Children and the Clinical Course of COVID-19.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveChildren are relatively protected from COVID-19, due to a range of potential mechanisms. We investigated if contact with children also affords adults a degree of protection from COVID-19.
designCohort study based on linked administrative data.
settingScotland. STUDY POPULATION: All National Health Service Scotland healthcare workers and their household contacts as of March 2020. MAIN EXPOSURE: Number of young children (0-11 years) living in the participant's household. MAIN OUTCOMES: COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation, and any COVID-19 (any positive test for SARS-CoV-2) in adults aged ≥18 years between 1 March and 12 October 2020.
results241 266, 41 198, 23 783 and 3850 adults shared a household with 0, 1, 2 and 3 or more young children, respectively. Over the study period, the risk of COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation was reduced progressively with increasing numbers of household children-fully adjusted HR (aHR) 0.93 per child (95% CI 0.79 to 1.10). The risk of any COVID-19 was similarly reduced, with the association being statistically significant (aHR per child 0.93; 95% CI 0.88 to 0.98). After schools reopened to all children in August 2020, no association was seen between exposure to young children and risk of any COVID-19 (aHR per child 1.03; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.14).
conclusionBetween March and October 2020, living with young children was associated with an attenuated risk of any COVID-19 and COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation among adults living in healthcare worker households. There was no evidence that living with young children increased adults' risk of COVID-19, including during the period after schools reopened.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.