Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33736691›Full record

Observational studyCritical care (London, England)2021

Galectin-3 in septic acute kidney injury: a translational study.

Haibing Sun, Huiping Jiang, Amity Eliaz, John A Kellum, Zhiyong Peng, Isaac Eliaz

Open access · goldAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph

Observational study in Critical care (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
1.9field-weighted citation impact, top 14% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Evolving Proteomic Biomarkers in Children with Congenital Heart Defects.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Galectin-3 in AKI: Pathogenic Target, Diagnostic Biomarker, or Both?International journal of biological sciences · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Current and novel biomarkers in cardiogenic shock.European journal of heart failure · 2025
    Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Haibing Sun *Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Huiping Jiang *Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Amity EliazSchool of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
John A KellumCenter of Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Zhiyong PengDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. pengzy5@hotmail.com.
Isaac EliazAmitabha Medical Center, Santa Rosa, CA, USA. isaac.eliaz@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0002-7935-2038
Wuhan University · CNAmazon (United States) · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGalectin-3 (Gal-3) is a pleiotropic glycan-binding protein shown to be involved in sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI). However, its role has never been elucidated in sepsis-associated AKI (S-AKI). We aimed to explore Gal-3's role and its potential utility as a therapeutic target in S-AKI.

methodsIn 57 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with sepsis, serum Gal-3 was examined as a predictor of ICU mortality and development of AKI. In a rat model of S-AKI induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), 7-day mortality and serum Gal-3, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and creatinine were examined at 2, 8, and 24 hours (h) post-CLP. Two experimental groups received the Gal-3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin (P-MCP) at 400 mg/kg/day and 1200 mg/kg/day, while the control group received water only (n = 18 in each group).

resultsAmong 57 patients, 27 developed AKI and 8 died in the ICU. Serum Gal-3 was an independent predictor of AKI (OR = 1.2 [95% CI 1.1-1.4], p = 0.01) and ICU mortality (OR = 1.4 [95% CI 1.1-2.2], p = 0.04) before and after controlling for age, AKI, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score. In the CLP rat experiment, serum Gal-3 peaked earlier than IL-6. Serum Gal-3 was significantly lower in both P-MCP groups compared to control at 2 h post-CLP (400 mg: p = 0.003; 1200 mg: p = 0.002), and IL-6 was significantly lower in both P-MCP groups at all time points with a maximum difference at 24 h post-CLP (400 mg: p = 0.015; 1200 mg: p = 0.02). In the Gal-3 inhibitor groups, 7-day mortality was significantly reduced from 61% in the control group to 28% (400 mg P-MCP: p = 0.03) and 22% (1200 mg P-MCP: p = 0.001). Rates of AKI per RIFLE criteria were significantly reduced from 89% in the control group to 44% in both P-MCP groups (400 mg: p = 0.007; 1200 mg: p = 0.007).

conclusionsThis translational study demonstrates the importance of Gal-3 in the pathogenesis of S-AKI, and its potential utility as a therapeutic target.

Indexed as

Acute Kidney InjuryAgedAnimalsAPACHEBlood ProteinsCecumChinaChi-Square DistributionCreatinineDisease Models, AnimalFemaleGalectin 3GalectinsHumansIntensive Care UnitsInterleukin-6Blood ProteinsCreatinineGalectin 3GalectinsIl6 protein, ratInterleukin-6LGALS3 protein, humanLgals3 protein, ratAcute kidney injuryGalectin-3Sepsis

Identifiers

PMID33736691
PMCPMC7977587
OpenAlexW3118545051

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.