ArticleAmerican journal of public health2021
Use of Acupuncture by 1970s Revolutionaries of Color: The South Bronx "Toolkit Care" Concept.
Article in American journal of public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- What's the science behind acupuncture?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Dignity-Based Care: Lessons for Today from Two Turning Points in the Histories of Acupuncture.Journal of integrative and complementary medicine · 2025Article
- Anti-Colonial Recoveries: Building an Alternative Infrastructure in New Mexico.Catalyst (San Diego, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Nashville Qi? Chinese Medicine in an American Heartland.Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Failed by mainstream medical institutions, 1970s revolutionaries of color sought to take health care into their own hands. A lesser-known phenomenon was their use of acupuncture. In 1970, an alliance of Black, Latinx, and White members at Lincoln Detox, a drug treatment program in the South Bronx area of New York City, learned of acupuncture as an alternative to methadone. In Oakland, California, Tolbert Small, MD, used acupuncture for pain management following his exposure to the practice as part of a 1972 Black Panther Party delegation to China. Unaware of one another then, the Lincoln team and Small were similarly driven to "serve the people, body and soul." They enacted "toolkit care,"-self-assembled, essential community care-in response to dire situations such as the intensifying drug crisis. These stories challenge the traditional American history of acupuncture and contribute innovations to and far beyond the addiction field by presenting a holistic model of prevention and care. They advance a nuanced definition of integrative medicine as one that combines medical and social practices, and their legacies are currently carried out by thousands of health care practitioners globally.
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