ArticleNature2021
Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate.
Erratum issuedOpen access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 109 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
109citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
92.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
109 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 733 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conservation benefits of a large marine protected area network that spans multiple ecosystems.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2025Pooled it
- Assessing the success of marine ecosystem restoration using meta-analysis.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Thermal Vulnerability of Reef Fish and Implications for Subsistence Fisheries Throughout the Caribbean.Global change biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Global sea-level rise will create a new biological invasion front.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- The global distribution of macroalgal carbon burial in coastal sediments.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Marine Heatwaves Overwhelm the Buffering Benefits of Marine Protected Areas: Two Decades of Collapse in a Mediterranean Gorgonian.Global change biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Growing nickel supply from the tropics threatens priority conservation areas.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Article
- The theory of island biogeography and the stability of oceanic reef fish communities.Journal of fish biology · 2026Article
- Integrated perspective on ocean carbon cycle: Untangling facts, fluxes, and fictions.Science advances · 2026Review
- Assessing the variability and vulnerability of carbon function in coastal soft sediment ecosystems to inform protection.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Balancing environmental benefits and accessibility for national park buffer zones in China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Projected human land-use pressures and natural habitat conversion risk within global terrestrial protected areas.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Safeguarding climate-resilient mangroves requires only a moderate increase in the global protected area.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Hotspots of Arctic and sub-Arctic marine sediment organic carbon are dominated by the Baltic, Barents and Chukchi Seas.Communications earth & environment · 2026Article
- Estimating historic seabed carbon disturbance by port dredging and aggregate extraction in NW Europe.PloS one · 2026Article
- Temporal dimensions in marine spatial closures.Cambridge prisms. Coastal futures · 2026Review
49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
26 authors at 17 institutions in 6 countries.
Enric SalaPristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA. esala@ngs.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-3570
Juan MayorgaPristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1961-8313
Darcy BradleyEnvironmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-8768
Reniel B CabralEnvironmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-381X
Trisha B AtwoodDepartment of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-5190
Arnaud AuberIFREMER, Unité Halieutique de Manche et Mer du Nord, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8415-1652
William CheungChanging Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9998-0384
Christopher CostelloEnvironmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-7806
Francesco FerrettiDepartment of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Alan M FriedlanderPristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
Steven D GainesEnvironmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-3483
Cristina GarilaoGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Whitney GoodellPristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
Benjamin S HalpernNational Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-2302
Audra HinsonDepartment of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4231-4820
Kristin KaschnerEvolutionary Biology and Ecology Laboratory, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
Kathleen Kesner-ReyesQuantitative Aquatics, Los Baños, The Philippines.
Fabien LeprieurMARBEC, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Jennifer McGowanThe Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-3465
Lance E MorganMarine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
David MouillotMARBEC, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0402-2605
Juliano Palacios-AbrantesChanging Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8969-5416
Hugh P PossinghamCentre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7755-996X
Kristin D RechbergerDynamic Planet, Washington, DC, USA.
Boris WormOcean Frontiers Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Jane LubchencoOregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3540-5879
University of California, Santa Barbara · USFisheries and Oceans Canada · CAUniversité de Montpellier · FRUniversity of Hawaii System · USUtah State University · USDalhousie University · CADynamic Systems (United States) · USGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel · DEIfremer · FRMarine Conservation Institute · USNational Geographic Society · USOregon State University · USThe Nature Conservancy · USThe University of Queensland · AUUniversity of Freiburg · DEUniversity of the Philippines Los Baños · PHVirginia Tech · US
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ocean contains unique biodiversity, provides valuable food resources and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an effective tool for restoring ocean biodiversity and ecosystem services
Indexed as
BiodiversityClimateConservation of Natural ResourcesFood SupplyAnimalsCarbon SequestrationFisheriesGeologic SedimentsGlobal WarmingHuman ActivitiesInternational Cooperation
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.