ArticleScience translational medicine2021
Graft-derived extracellular vesicles transported across subcapsular sinus macrophages elicit B cell alloimmunity after transplantation.
Article in Science translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Donor macrophage depletion permits posttransplant tolerance induction in a murine islet transplant model.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Article
- Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Shaping Immune Responses in the Lymph Node Microenvironment.Biology of the cell · 2026Review
- IL35 Production After Living-donor Renal Transplantation: Relevance to Local, Exosome-mediated, Clinical Tolerance.Transplantation direct · 2026Article
- Safety evaluation of repeated administration of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Article
- Splenic macrophage-B cell axis drives systemic autoimmune-like pathology in Cerebral Malaria.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Status of Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Carriers and Therapeutics.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2026Article
- Noninvasive Biomarkers for Cardiac Allograft Rejection Monitoring: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Exosome-primed T cell immunity is facilitated by complement activation.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Article
- Transplants foster B cell alloimmunity by relaying extracellular vesicles to follicular dendritic cells.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Engineered small extracellular vesicles for targeted delivery of perlecan to stabilise the blood-spinal cord barrier after spinal cord injury.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Article
- Integrated biomimetic bioprinting of perichondrium with cartilage for auricle reconstruction.Bioactive materials · 2025Article
- Fetoplacental extracellular vesicles deliver conceptus-derived antigens to maternal secondary lymphoid tissues for immune recognition.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Adenosine triphosphate-mediated signaling of P2X7 receptors controls donor extracellular vesicle release and major histocompatibility complex cross-decoration after allotransplantation.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2025Article
- Normothermic liver perfusion derived extracellular vesicles have concentration-dependent immunoregulatory properties.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Extracellular vesicles in kidney development and pediatric kidney diseases.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Review
- The negative effects of extracellular vesicles in the immune system.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Allorecognition Unveiled: Integrating Recent Breakthroughs Into the Current Paradigm.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2024Review
- A case for the study of native extracellular vesicles.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Tregs integrate native and CAR-mediated costimulatory signals for control of allograft rejection.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Transcript Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate Alloreactive Dynamics in Renal Transplantation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the role of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) in recognizing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and mediating transplant rejection, how and where recipient B cells in lymphoid tissues encounter donor MHC antigens remains unclear. Contrary to the dogma, we demonstrated here that migration of donor leukocytes out of skin or heart allografts is not necessary for B or T cell allosensitization in mice. We found that mouse skin and cardiac allografts and human skin grafts release cell-free donor MHC antigens via extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are captured by subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages in lymph nodes or analog macrophages in the spleen. Donor EVs were transported across the SCS macrophages, and donor MHC molecules on the EVs were recognized by alloreactive B cells. This triggered B cell activation and DSA production, which were both prevented by SCS macrophage depletion. These results reveal an unexpected role for graft-derived EVs and open venues to interfere with EV biogenesis, trafficking, or function to restrain priming or reactivation of alloreactive B cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.