ArticleScience advances2021
Three-dimensional, multifunctional neural interfaces for cortical spheroids and engineered assembloids.
Article in Science advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 261 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Transforming Brain Organoids Into Functional Platforms: Convergence of Engineering, Imaging, AI, and Ethics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Three-dimensional microelectrode arrays forBiomedical engineering letters · 2026Review
- HIPPIE: a generative model for electrophysiological analysis across species, technologies, and modalities.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Physical Anchoring-Assisted Mechanically Guided Assembly for Material-Independent 3D Mesostructures.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Neural dynamics of temporal interference stimulation monitoring by soft liquid metal interfaces across neural systems.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Liquid Metals for Reconfigurable Bioelectronics.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Full-Stack Architectures for Intelligent Brain-Computer Interfaces.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Conformable Microelectrode Arrays Integrated with a Scoop-Shaped Slide-Well for Dynamic Electrophysiological Profiling of Patient-Derived Cardiac Organoids.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Microelectrode Arrays Technology for Brain-on-a-Chip Applications.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Organoid Brain-Machine-Interface Devices for Central Nervous System Repair.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Engineering Organ-on-a-Chip Systems for Cancer Immunotherapy: Strategies and Assay Integration.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Recent advances in microfluidics and bioelectronics for three-dimensional organoid interfaces.Biomicrofluidics · 2026Article
- Integrating living biomaterials into neuroelectronic systems.Biomedical engineering letters · 2026Review
- Three-tier framework for high-throughput biofabrication: Integrating 3D bioprinting, assistive platforms, and translational opportunities.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Shape-conformal porous frameworks for full coverage of neural organoids and high-resolution electrophysiology.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Toward continuous monitoring systems: emerging trends of on-chip sensors in organ-on-a-chip.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Review
- Multi-Channel Neural Interface for Neural Recording and Neuromodulation.Small methods · 2026Review
- Multiscale 3D microfluidic platform for intraorganoid delivery.Research square · 2026Article
- Self-driving bioprinting laboratories.Biofabrication · 2026Review
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D), submillimeter-scale constructs of neural cells, known as cortical spheroids, are of rapidly growing importance in biological research because these systems reproduce complex features of the brain in vitro. Despite their great potential for studies of neurodevelopment and neurological disease modeling, 3D living objects cannot be studied easily using conventional approaches to neuromodulation, sensing, and manipulation. Here, we introduce classes of microfabricated 3D frameworks as compliant, multifunctional neural interfaces to spheroids and to assembloids. Electrical, optical, chemical, and thermal interfaces to cortical spheroids demonstrate some of the capabilities. Complex architectures and high-resolution features highlight the design versatility. Detailed studies of the spreading of coordinated bursting events across the surface of an isolated cortical spheroid and of the cascade of processes associated with formation and regrowth of bridging tissues across a pair of such spheroids represent two of the many opportunities in basic neuroscience research enabled by these platforms.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.