ArticleVaccine2021
Intranasal administration of a recombinant RBD vaccine induced protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mouse.
Article in Vaccine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Intranasal S-2P and lentinan formulation confers broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs via IFN-γ-dominant mechanisms.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Nucleocapsid protein enhances spike- and RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: current insights and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Targeting vaccines to dendritic cells by mimicking the processing and presentation of antigens in xenotransplant rejection.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Modified PEG-Lipids Enhance the Nasal Mucosal Immune Capacity of Lipid Nanoparticle mRNA Vaccines.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Bison, Elk, and Other Captive Wildlife Species Humoral Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Intranasal boosting with RBD-HR protein vaccine elicits robust mucosal and systemic immune responses.Genes & diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Immunogenicity studies of recombinant RBD SARS-CoV-2 as a COVID-19 vaccine candidate produced inVaccine: X · 2024Article
- Antibody Response Following the Intranasal Administration of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-CpG Oligonucleotide Vaccine.Vaccines · 2023Article
- A single-dose of intranasal vaccination with a live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate promotes protective mucosal and systemic immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Non-Invasive Vaccines: Challenges in Formulation and Vaccine Adjuvants.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Identification of conserved linear epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding region using monoclonal antibodies.Heliyon · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2: Immunity, Challenges with Current Vaccines, and a Novel Perspective on Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Recent advances in respiratory immunization: A focus on COVID-19 vaccines.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2023Review
- Enhanced mucosal immune responses and reduced viral load in the respiratory tract of ferrets to intranasal lipid nanoparticle-based SARS-CoV-2 proteins and mRNA vaccines.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Article
- Article
- Respiratory mucosal vaccination of peptide-poloxamine-DNA nanoparticles provides complete protection against lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge.Biomaterials · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The emergence of the global Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic underscores the importance of the rapid development of a non-invasive vaccine that can be easily administered. A vaccine administered by nasal delivery is endowed with such characteristics against respiratory viruses. In this study, we generated a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based subunit vaccine. Mice were immunized via intranasal inoculation, microneedle-intradermal injection, or intramuscular injection, after which the RBD-specific immune responses were compared. Results showed that when administrated intranasally, the vaccine elicited a robust systemic humoral immunity with high titers of IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies as well as a significant mucosal immunity. Besides, antigen-specific T cell responses were also analyzed. These results indicated that the non-invasive intranasal administration should be explored for the future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.