ArticleJournal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS2021
Rapid Recovery and Short Duration Anesthesia after Low Dose Ketamine and High Dose Dexmedetomidine in Rhesus Macaques (
Article in Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride as a Single Pharmaceutical and in Combination with Ketamine for Sedation of Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Physiological and Sedation Parameters of Zenalpha (Medetomidine and Vatinoxan Hydrochloride Injection) in Combination with Ketamine in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
- Cage-Side Blood Collections from the Ear Can Be Used for Hematological Evaluations in Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Anesthesia in rhesus macaques is required for many procedures. Although ketamine is the backbone of most anesthetic protocols, tolerance to the drug can develop, resulting in the need for higher doses to provide sufficient restraint. Combination with other drugs, such as α-agonists, can be ketamine-sparing, providing for sufficient restraint at lower ketamine doses. In addition, because α-agonists are reversible, recovery from anesthesia has the potential to be much shorter. We hypothesized that use of a low dose of ketamine with a high dose of dexmedetomidine, an α2 receptor selective agonist, in male and female rhesus macaques less than 15 y of age would provide adequate anesthesia for short procedures and that recovery would be faster than in macaques given a higher dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg) alone. We found that the combination, in conjunction with atipamezole for reversal, provided smooth induction of anesthesia and significantly shorter recovery time than did ketamine alone, with no significant effects of sex. The combination of low dose ketamine and high dose dexmedetomidine also provided a 30-min window of anesthesia with analgesia sufficient for mild to moderately painful procedures.
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Registered trials
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