SynthesisBMC geriatrics2021
Frailty as a predictor of mortality among patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC geriatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Does frailty status predict outcome in major trauma in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Age and ageing · 2023Pooled it
- Electrolyte imbalances as poor prognostic markers in COVID-19: a systemic review and meta-analysis.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Pooled it
- Frailty and risks of all-cause and cause-specific death in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Frailty and mortality associations in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Internal medicine journal · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Frailty Scores and Ethical Decision-Making in Critical Care: Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Identifying direct risk factors in UK Biobank via simultaneous Bayesian-frequentist model-averaged hypothesis testing using Doublethink.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Altered neutrophil signalling linked to impaired chemotaxis and increased ROS and NET production in older people with frailty.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
- Comparing various frailty instruments for predicting adverse outcomes in older patients hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2026Article
- Article
- Frailty and multimorbidity among adults aged 40-69 years in Montenegro: a cross-sectional pilot study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic: A 5-year retrospect.Sports medicine and health science · 2025Review
- Article
- Symptom trajectories after COVID hospitalization and risk factors for symptom burden in older persons: a longitudinal cohort study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Shifts in Frailty in A Nationwide Cohort of Spinal Stenosis Patients in Germany During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of frailty, sarcopenia and falls · 2025Article
- Associations between metabolomic scores and clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Prevalence of New Frailty at Hospital Discharge in Severe COVID-19 Survivors and Its Associated Factors.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2025Article
- Association of Longitudinal Trajectories of Physical Frailty With Dementia Status in Older Adults: A National Cohort Study.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2025Article
- Morbidity and factors associated with frailty in post-COVID-19 elderly patients attended at a reference center.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2025Article
- Singapore's COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Programme: Strategies and Insights From a Pandemic Year.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA large number of studies have explored the association between frailty and mortality among COVID-19 patients, with inconsistent results. The aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the evidence on this issue.
methodsThree databases, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, from inception to 20th January 2021 were searched for relevant literature. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess quality bias, and STATA was employed to pool the effect size by a random effects model. Additionally, potential publication bias and sensitivity analyses were performed.
resultsFifteen studies were included, with a total of 23,944 COVID-19 patients, for quantitative analysis. Overall, the pooled prevalence of frailty was 51% (95% CI: 44-59%). Patients with frailty who were infected with COVID-19 had an increased risk of mortality compared to those without frailty, and the pooled hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) were 1.99 (95% CI: 1.66-2.38) and 2.48 (95% CI: 1.78-3.46), respectively. In addition, subgroup analysis based on population showed that the pooled ORs for hospitalized patients in eight studies and nursing home residents in two studies were 2.62 (95% CI: 1.68-4.07) and 2.09 (95% CI: 1.40-3.11), respectively. Subgroup analysis using the frailty assessment tool indicated that this association still existed when using the clinical frailty scale (CFS) (assessed in 6 studies, pooled OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.52-5.45; assessed in 5 studies, pooled HR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.66-2.38) and other frailty tools (assessed in 4 studies, pooled OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.81-2.16). In addition, these significant positive associations still existed in the subgroup analysis based on study design and geographic region.
conclusionOur study indicates that frailty is an independent predictor of mortality among patients with COVID-19. Thus, frailty could be a prognostic factor for clinicians to stratify high-risk groups and remind doctors and nurses to perform early screening and corresponding interventions urgently needed to reduce mortality rates in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2.
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