ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2021
Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Children Ages 1-11 Years, 1976-2016.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed.
- Blood lead levels among children aged 6-30 months: An electronic health record-based study in Southern California, 2016-2025.Environmental research · 2026Article
- The Impact of Childhood Cognitively Stimulating Activities on the Association between Prenatal and Early Postnatal Lead Exposure and Later Adulthood Cognitive Function.Environmental health perspectives · 2026Article
- Lead and mercury exposure in pregnant women in the UK: a cross-sectional observational study (the PEAR Study).BMJ open · 2026Observational
- Blood Lead Levels in Adults and Children of East Otago Communities, New Zealand: Findings From a Public Health Response to Lead Detected in Drinking Water.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Firearms, storage practices, and child blood lead levels and household dust lead loadings: findings from the HOME study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Blood lead levels in children and soil lead contamination in a former mining area in Germany.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Associations of mid-childhood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and early childhood metals with mid-childhood antibody titers.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Prenatal and Early Postnatal Lead Exposure and Later Adulthood Cognitive Function in the St. Louis Baby Tooth-Later Life Health Study.Neurology · 2026Article
- Modeling Elevated Children's Blood Lead Levels across Five U.S. States: A Statistical Approach to Improve Predictions and Understand Key Drivers.ACS environmental Au · 2026Article
- Historical Redlining and Racial Disparities in Child Blood Lead Levels in Southeastern Wisconsin.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Prevalence of lead poisoning and unique lead sources in Bhutan: Findings from a nationally representative survey 2024.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- A PLAN to address the Parkinson pandemic.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Cumulative childhood lead exposure estimation and school-age IQ in a prospective birth cohort.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Sociodemographic determinants and temporal variability of blood lead levels (2003-2019) in a pooled analysis of nine studies in four European countries.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- What's in Your Soil? A Citywide Investigation of the Importance of Soil Lead for Predicting Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Chicago.GeoHealth · 2025Article
- How poverty shapes children's home, neighborhood, and school environments: An integrative conceptual framework and review.The American psychologist · 2025Article
- Improving Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Studies-Reply.JAMA pediatrics · 2025Article
- Glutamate-Mediated Neural Alterations in Lead Exposure: Mechanisms, Pathways, and Phenotypes.Toxics · 2025Review
- Combined Effects of Metals, PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans on Cardiovascular Dysfunction.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Article
- Essential and Non-Essential Metals and Metalloids and Their Role in Atherosclerosis.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLead can adversely affect child health across a wide range of exposure levels. We describe the distribution of blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. children ages 1-11 y by selected sociodemographic and housing characteristics over a 40-y period.
methodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II (1976-1980), NHANES III (Phase 1: 1988-1991 and Phase II: 1991-1994), and Continuous NHANES (1999-2016) were used to describe the distribution of BLLs (in micrograms per deciliter;
resultsThe GM BLL in U.S. children ages 1-5 y declined from DISCUSSION: Overall, BLLs in U.S. children ages 1-11 y have decreased substantially over the past 40 y. Despite these notable declines in population exposures to lead over time, higher GM BLLs are consistently associated with risk factors such as race/ethnicity, poverty, and housing age that can be used to target blood lead screening efforts. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7932.
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