ArticleAllergy2021
Differentiation of COVID-19 signs and symptoms from allergic rhinitis and common cold: An ARIA-EAACI-GA
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Article in Allergy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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25citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Depressive Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents in China During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Epidemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- The Unmet Need of Olfactory Testing in Inflammatory Disorders of the Upper Airways-An EAACI Position Paper.Allergy · 2026Review
- Desensitization reduces some COVID-19-associated symptoms in minors with allergic rhinitis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Medication Recommendation, Counseling, and Pricing for Nasal Sprays in German Community Pharmacies: A Simulated Patient Investigation.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2025Article
- Knowledge Mapping of COVID-19 and Asthma/Allergic Rhinitis: A Visual and Bibliometric Analysis.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2025Article
- Respiratory allergic diseases and allergen immunotherapy: A French patient survey before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2024Article
- Global expert views on the diagnosis, classification and pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis in clinical practice using a modified Delphi panel technique.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2023Article
- Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID-19.Allergy · 2023Review
- Clinical considerations and practical issues of allergic diseases in COVID-19 era.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2022Article
- Management of patients with allergic diseases in the era of COVID-19.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2022Article
- Presentation of airway and general symptoms in Covid-19 caused by dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants: a follow-up on ARIA consensus.Allergy · 2022Article
- Reshaping the Management of Allergic Rhinitis in Primary Care: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Management of allergic rhinitis symptoms in the pharmacy Pocket guide 2022.Clinical and translational allergy · 2022Article
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- A follow-up on quantitative and qualitative olfactory dysfunction and other symptoms in patients recovering from COVID-19 smell loss.Rhinology · 2022Article
- Olfactory dysfunction is more severe in wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infection than in the Delta variant (B.1.617.2).The World Allergy Organization journal · 2022Article
- Clinical and Socio-Demographic Variables Associated with the Diagnosis of Long COVID Syndrome in Youth: A Population-Based Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Clinical effects of intranasal corticosteroids on nasal symptoms in subjects with chronic rhinitis during COVID-19.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2022Article
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100 authors.
Jan HagemannDepartment of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Gabrielle L OnoratoMACVIA-France, Montpellier, France.
Marek JutelDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Cezmi A AkdisSwiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0001-8020-019X
Ioana AgacheTransylvania University Brasov, Brasov, Romania.ORCID 0000-0001-7994-364X
Torsten ZuberbierComprehensive Allergy Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1466-8875
Wienczyslawa CzarlewskiMedical Consulting Czarlewski, Levallois, France.
Joaquim MullolRhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic; Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-3463-5007
Anna BedbrookMACVIA-France, Montpellier, France.
Claus BachertUpper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-4742-1665
Kazi S BennoorDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Karl-Christian BergmannComprehensive Allergy Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
Fulvio BraidoDepartment of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Paulo CamargosDepartment of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Medical School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Luis CaraballoInstitute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Campus de Zaragocilla, Edificio Biblioteca Primer piso, Cartagena, Colombia.
Victoria CardonaAllergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d'Hebron & ARADyAL Research Network, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-2197-9767
Thomas CasaleDivision of Allergy/immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3149-7377
Lorenzo CecchiSOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology, USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-0658-2449
Tomas ChivatoSchool of Medicine, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
Derek K ChuDepartments of Medicine and Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Cemal CingiENT Department, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.ORCID 0000-0003-3934-5092
Jaime Correia-de-SousaLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0001-6459-7908
Stefano Del GiaccoDepartment of Medical Sciences and Public Health and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital 'Duilio Casula', University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Dejan DokicUniversity Clinic of Pulmology and Allergy, Medical Faculty Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
Mark DykewiczSection of Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
Motohiro EbisawaClinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, NHO Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan.ORCID 0000-0003-4117-558X
Yehia El-GamalPediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Regina EmuzyteClinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Jean-Luc FauquertCHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité d'Allergologie de l'Enfant, Pole pédiatrique, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France.ORCID 0000-0002-6929-9819
Alessandro FiocchiDivision of Allergy, Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital Holy see, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-2549-0523
Wytske J FokkensDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Joao A FonsecaCINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Bilun GemiciogluDepartment of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
René-Maximiliano GomezFundacion Ayre-Instituto Medico ALAS, Salta, Argentina.
Maia GotuaCenter of Allergy and Immunology, Georgian Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Tari HaahtelaSkin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-4757-2156
Eckard HamelmannUniversity Hospital Bielefeld, Children's Center Bethel, EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2996-8248
Tomohisa IinumaDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-9940-5520
Juan Carlos IvancevichServicio de Alergia e Immunologia, Clinica Santa Isabel, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Ewa JassemDepartment of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland.
Omer KalayciPediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
Przemyslaw KardasDepartment of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Musa KhaitovNational Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medicobiological Agency, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation.ORCID 0000-0003-4961-9640
Piotr KunaDivision of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Violeta KvedarieneDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Desiree E Larenas-LinnemannCenter of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy, Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital, México City, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-5713-5331
Brian LipworthScottish Centre for Respiratory Research, Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Michael MakrisAllergy Unit 'D Kalogeromitros', 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Jorge F MasperoArgentine Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.ORCID 0000-0001-9750-2346
Neven MiculinicCroatian Pulmonary Society, Zagreb, Croatia.
Florin MihaltanNational Institute of Pneumology M Nasta, Bucharest, Romania.
Yousser MohammadNational Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Tishreen University School of Medicine, Latakia and Syrian Private University-Damascus, Damascus, Syria.
Stephen MontefortRespiratory Physician Mater Dei Hospital Malta, Medicine University of Malta, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Medicine, La Valette, Malta.
Mario Morais-AlmeidaAllergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0003-1837-2980
Ralph MösgesCRI-Clinical Research International-Ltd, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1928-810X
Robert NaclerioJohns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Hugo NeffenCenter of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Santa Fe, Argentina.
Marek NiedoszytkoDepartment of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-1089-1911
Robyn E O'HehirDepartment of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-3489-7595
Ken OhtaNational Hospital Organization, Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID 0000-0001-9734-4579
Yoshitaka OkamotoDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
Kimi OkuboDepartment of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
Petr PanznerDepartment of Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic.ORCID 0000-0002-1291-450X
Nikolaos G PapadopoulosDivision of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-4448-3468
Giovanni PassalacquaAllergy and Respiratory Diseases, Ospedale Policlino San Martino -University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5139-3604
Vincenzo PatellaDivision of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Agency of Health ASL Salerno, 'Santa Maria della Speranza' Hospital, Salerno, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-5640-6446
Ana PereiraCenter for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems- CINTESIS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Oliver PfaarDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Rhinology and Allergy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4374-9639
Davor PlavecChildren's Hospital Srebrnjak, Zagreb, School of Medicine, University J.J. Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia.
Todor A PopovUniversity Hospital 'Sv Ivan Rilski'", Sofia, Bulgaria.
Emmanuel P ProkopakisDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
Francesca PuggioniPersonalized Medicine Clinic Asthma & Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
Filip RaciborskiDepartment of Prevention of Environmental Hazards and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Jere ReijulaDepartment of Pulmonology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Frederico S RegateiroAllergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra and Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Sietze ReitsmaDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Antonino RomanoOasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
Nelson RosarioHospital de Clinicas, University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
Menachem RottemDivision of Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
Dermot RyanUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-4115-7376
Boleslaw SamolinskiDepartment of Prevention of Environmental Hazards and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Joaquin SastreFundacion Jimenez Diaz, CIBERES, Faculty of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-4689-6837
Dirceu SoléDivision of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Milan SovaDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Cristiana StellatoDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1294-8355
Charlotte Suppli-UlrikDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ioanna TsiligianniHealth Planning Unit, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece and International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Aberdeen, Scotland.
Antonio ValeroPneumology and Allergy Department CIBERES and Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Arunas ValiulisVilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine & Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Erkka ValovirtaDepartment of Lung Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Turku and Terveystalo allergy clinic, Turku, Finland.
Tuula VasankariFilha, Finnish Lung Health Association, Helsinki, Finland.
Maria Teresa VenturaUniversity of Bari Medical School, Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology, Bari, Italy.
Dana WallaceNova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
De Yun WangDepartment of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Siân WilliamsInternational Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, London, UK.
Arzu YorganciogluCelal Bayar University Department of Pulmonology, Manisa, Turkey.
Osman M YusufThe Allergy and Asthma Institute, Pakistan, Pakistan.
Mario ZernottiUniversidad Católica de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Villa Maria, Córdoba, Argentina.
Jean BousquetMACVIA-France, Montpellier, France.ORCID 0000-0002-4061-4766
Ludger KlimekDepartment of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough there are many asymptomatic patients, one of the problems of COVID-19 is early recognition of the disease. COVID-19 symptoms are polymorphic and may include upper respiratory symptoms. However, COVID-19 symptoms may be mistaken with the common cold or allergic rhinitis. An ARIA-EAACI study group attempted to differentiate upper respiratory symptoms between the three diseases.
methodsA modified Delphi process was used. The ARIA members who were seeing COVID-19 patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire on the upper airway symptoms of COVID-19, common cold and allergic rhinitis.
resultsAmong the 192 ARIA members who were invited to respond to the questionnaire, 89 responded and 87 questionnaires were analysed. The consensus was then reported. A two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in the symptom intensity between the three diseases (p < .001).
conclusionsThis modified Delphi approach enabled the differentiation of upper respiratory symptoms between COVID-19, the common cold and allergic rhinitis. An electronic algorithm will be devised using the questionnaire.
Indexed as
AsthmaCommon ColdCOVID-19Rhinitis, AllergicHumansSARS-CoV-2allergic rhinitiscommon coldcoughCOVID-19smell
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