ReviewDiabetologia2021
Defining the underlying defect in insulin action in type 2 diabetes.
Review in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 96 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current Update on Categorization of Migraine Subtypes on the Basis of Genetic Variation: a Systematic Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Pooled it
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ginsenoside Rg1 for hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on glucose metabolism.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Trial
- A Comparative Study between Serum Cystatin C and Microalbuminuria in the Diagnosis of Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Annals of African medicine · 2026Article
- Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro Bioactivity, and Network Pharmacology ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of Prematurity on Nutrient Signaling and Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle.Annual review of nutrition · 2026Review
- Insulin signaling pathway related mNutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- Tangzhiqing enhances glucose and lipid metabolism in obese diabetic rats by targeting PI3K/AKT and ER stress.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Unraveling the Complexity of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Comparison of eight insulin-independent indices for identifying insulin resistance in Chinese young and middle-aged adults without diabetes: favorable performance of METS-IR and TyG-BMI.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- XIAP down-regulation inhibits RIPK2 ubiquitination-mediated insulin resistance.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Distinct compositional alterations in plasma lipoproteins in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study of healthy individuals and diabetics with and without cardiovascular comorbidities.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Antidiabetic Activity of Amaranthus hybridus Leaf-based Diet in High-fat Diet and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats.Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Berberine's impact on health: Comprehensive biological, pharmacological, and nutritional perspectives.Metabolism open · 2025Review
- Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Mechanistic insights on molecular pathways and emerging therapeutic approaches.Heart failure reviews · 2025Review
- From Human to Mouse and Back Again: Genetic and Genomic Ta(i)les of Islet Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes.Annual review of genetics · 2025Review
- Triglycerides, Glucose Metabolism, and Type 2 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- IRS2/FOXO1 mitigates osteoarthritis by regulating chondrocyte autophagy and mitochondrial function.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Inhibition of GCKIII kinases STK25 and MST3 mitigates organ lipotoxicity and enhances metabolic resilience under nutritional stress.BMC medicine · 2025Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the earliest defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Over the past 50 years, elucidation of the insulin signalling network has provided important mechanistic insights into the abnormalities of glucose, lipid and protein metabolism that underlie insulin resistance. In classical target tissues (liver, muscle and adipose tissue), insulin binding to its receptor initiates a broad signalling cascade mediated by changes in phosphorylation, gene expression and vesicular trafficking that result in increased nutrient utilisation and storage, and suppression of catabolic processes. Insulin receptors are also expressed in non-classical targets, such as the brain and endothelial cells, where it helps regulate appetite, energy expenditure, reproductive hormones, mood/behaviour and vascular function. Recent progress in cell biology and unbiased molecular profiling by mass spectrometry and DNA/RNA-sequencing has provided a unique opportunity to dissect the determinants of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome; best studied are extrinsic factors, such as circulating lipids, amino acids and other metabolites and exosomal microRNAs. More challenging has been defining the cell-intrinsic factors programmed by genetics and epigenetics that underlie insulin resistance. In this regard, studies using human induced pluripotent stem cells and tissues point to cell-autonomous alterations in signalling super-networks, involving changes in phosphorylation and gene expression both inside and outside the canonical insulin signalling pathway. Understanding how these multi-layered molecular networks modulate insulin action and metabolism in different tissues will open new avenues for therapy and prevention of type 2 diabetes and its associated pathologies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.