ArticlePloS one2021
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and occupational outcomes: The role of educational attainment, comorbid developmental disorders, and intellectual disability.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains.Nature genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Review
- Associations of ADHD genetic risk with objective and subjective economic wellbeing: evidence from Finnish population-based cohorts.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Does the family situation impact academic achievement differently in students with versus without neurodevelopmental disorders?The British journal of educational psychology · 2026Article
- ADHD symptoms and financial debt among adults.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Self-Reported ADHD Symptoms and Cognitive Performance in a National Sample of US Older Adults.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- Indirect associations between adolescent ADHD and/or oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and adult incomes: the mediating roles of education and co-occurring psychiatric disorders.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- What makes work sustainable for adults with ADHD? Interpreting workplace strain and support through Reddit data.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Fluctuating course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across development: Multifactorial influences.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Common and rare variant analyses implicate late-infancy cerebellar development and immune genes in ADHD.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2025Article
- Trajectories of sickness absence and disability pension in young working-age adults in Sweden.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association Between Unemployment and Mental Disorders: A Narrative Update of the Literature.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Review
- Suicidal behavior in ADHD: the role of comorbidity, psychosocial adversity, personality and genetic factors.Discover mental health · 2024Article
- Associations of Symptoms of ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in Adolescence With Occupational Outcomes and Incomes in Adulthood.Journal of attention disorders · 2024Article
- Criminal convictions in males and females diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Swedish national registry study.JCPP advances · 2024Article
- Gene-by-Environment Interaction Effects of Social Adversity on Externalizing Behavior in ABCD Youth.Behavior genetics · 2023Article
- Functional Impairments Associated With ADHD in Adulthood and the Impact of Pharmacological Treatment.Journal of attention disorders · 2023Review
- Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science - from characterization to cause.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2023Review
- Clustering of social disadvantage with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adults: A register-based study in Sweden.Scandinavian journal of psychology · 2022Article
- Occupational Branch and Labor Market Marginalization among Young Employees with Adult Onset of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIndividuals with ADHD are at increased risk for poor occupational outcomes. Educational attainment and psychiatric comorbidity may be important contributing factors for these outcomes, but the role of these factors is not well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the associations between ADHD and occupational outcomes, and to examine the influence of educational attainment, comorbid developmental disorders and intellectual disability on these associations.
methodsWe linked the Swedish population graduating from compulsory school 1998-2008 (N = 1.2 millions) to population-wide register-based data on clinical psychiatric diagnoses and medications, objective annual measures of educational, and occupational outcomes. Individuals were followed for between 6 to 16 years after graduation.
resultsIndividuals with ADHD had annually on average 17 percent lower income, ratio = 0.83 (95% CI 0.83-0.84), 12.19 (11.89-12.49) more days of unemployment, and a higher likelihood of receiving disability pension, odds-ratio = 19.0 (18.4-19.6), compared to controls. Comorbid diagnoses of intellectual disability and developmental disorder explained most of the association between ADHD and disability pension, while lifetime educational attainment partially explained associations between ADHD and all occupational outcomes. Analyses of occupational trajectories found that income was lower and unemployment elevated relative to controls with the same educational attainment. Higher educational attainment correlated with higher income similarly among individuals with ADHD and controls after accounting for individual background factors.
conclusionsThe occupational burden associated with ADHD is substantial. Comorbid developmental disorders, intellectual disability and educational difficulties (e.g., failing grades) from childhood to adulthood are important factors to consider when designing interventions to improve occupational outcomes in individuals with ADHD.
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