ArticlePloS one2021
Impacts of anxiety and socioeconomic factors on mental health in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population in Japan: A web-based survey.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of over 2 million people.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Pooled it
- Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Differential roles of sense of coherence components in mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in a nationwide survey of public health center directors in Japan.Discover mental health · 2026Article
- Risk stratification and healthcare disparities in COVID-19 outcomes: a retrospective cohort study of treatment pathways before and after infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The relationship between financial disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of public health research · 2025Review
- Risk and protective factors associated with change in well-being and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2025Article
- Comparison of depressive symptoms and eating behaviors among Japanese university students with subthreshold depression before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Trends in Income and Well-Being Inequality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan.Social indicators research · 2024Article
- Psychological Distress and Associated Factors among Technical Intern Trainees in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Association of lifestyle and flourishing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Change of human flourishing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Results from population-based U-CORONA study.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Are we equally at risk of changing smoking behavior during a public health crisis? Impact of educational level on smoking from the TEMPO cohort.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD symptoms during the first and second COVID-19 waves: a comparison of elderly, middle-aged, and young people in Iran.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Did Depression, Schizophrenia, and Alcohol Use Increase During the COVID-19 Pandemic Even in Low-Risk Regions? An Analysis of the 2017-2020 National Health Insurance Data in Tottori Prefecture.Yonago acta medica · 2023Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: linking immune function to mental health status.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Changes in work/sleep patterns due to the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with psychological distress among Japanese workers.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Age group differences in psychological distress and leisure-time exercise/socioeconomic status during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional analysis during 2020 to 2021 of a cohort study in Japan.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Evidence of mental health-related morbidities and its association with socio-economic status among previously hospitalized patients with symptoms of COVID-19 in Bangladesh.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- A Survey of Living Conditions and Psychological Distress in Japanese University Freshmen during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Owing to the rapid spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic worldwide, individuals experience considerable psychological distress daily. The present study aimed to clarify the prevalence of psychological distress and determine the population most affected by risk factors such as the pandemic, socioeconomic status (SES), and lifestyle-related factors causing psychological distress in the early phases of the pandemic in Japan. This study was conducted via a web-based survey using quota sampling to ensure representativeness of the Japanese population aged 20-64 years. A cross-sectional study of 11,342 participants (5,734 males and 5,608 females) was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire that included the Japanese version of the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress Scale (K6) and questions related to the pandemic, SES, and lifestyle. The prevalence of psychological distress, represented by a K6 score of 5 or more, was 50.3% among males and 52.6% among females. Both males and females with annual household incomes less than 2 million yen and males aged in their twenties had significantly higher K6 scores than those with annual household incomes above 2 million yen and males aged over 30 years. Binary logistic regression analyses found pandemic-related factors such as medical history, inability to undergo clinical tests immediately, having trouble in daily life, unavailability of groceries, new work style, and vague anxiety; SES-related factors such as lesser income; and lifestyle-related factors such as insufficient rest, sleep, and nutritious meals to be significantly related to psychological distress. Psychological distress was more prevalent among people with low income and in younger generations than among other groups. There is an urgent need to provide financial, medical, and social support to those affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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