ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2021
Trends in obesity and adiposity measures by race or ethnicity among adults in the United States 2011-18: population based study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 179 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
179 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The association between body mass index and osteoporosis, with consideration of sex differences: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Oral vitamin D supplementation for adults with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Predictors of T2DM Remission after Bariatric Surgery in Patients with a BMI < 35 kg/mObesity surgery · 2023Pooled it
- Diagnostic accuracy of the visceral adiposity index in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis.Lipids in health and disease · 2022Pooled it
- Associations of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load with Cardiovascular Disease: Updated Evidence from Meta-analysis and Cohort Studies.Current cardiology reports · 2022Pooled it
- Role of Honey in Obesity Management: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Short-term effects of weight-loading on heart rate variability in obese adults.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- Exercise and diet effects on delay discounting and related neurobiology in adults with overweight or obesity: A randomized trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Trial
- Time-restricted eating, caloric reduction, and unrestricted eating effects on weight and metabolism: a randomized trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Trial
- Effect of Daily Avocado Intake on Cardiovascular Health Assessed by Life's Essential 8: An Ancillary Study of HAT, a Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Trial
- Recruitment feasibility and dietary and behavioral patterns in toddlers with ASD: Preliminary results from the Autism Eats program.Contemporary clinical trials · 2024Trial
- Effect of Incorporating 1 Avocado per Day Versus Habitual Diet on Vascular Function in Adults With Abdominal Obesity: An Ancillary Study of HAT, a Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Trial
- Consumption of Tree Nuts as Snacks Reduces Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Young Adults: A Randomized Trial.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Pre-surgery dietician counseling can prevent post-thyroidectomy body weight gain: results of an intervention trial.Endocrine · 2023Trial
- Efficacy and safety of Obex® in overweight and obese subjects: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2023Trial
- Pregnane X Receptor‒4β-Hydroxycholesterol Axis in the Regulation of Overweight- and Obesity-Induced Hypertension.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Trial
- Chronic disease burden among Latino farmworkers in California.Frontiers in public health · 2022Trial
- Article
- Functional Annotation of GWAS Loci Using Public Transcriptome and Epigenome Datasets Reveals Non-Coding Genes and Regulatory Elements Which May Contribute to BMI.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Risk of unexpected newborn complications by day of the week and time of birth in US term singleton births.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
119 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the trends in obesity and adiposity measures, including body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and lean mass, by race or ethnicity among adults in the United States from 2011 to 2018.
designPopulation based study.
settingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-18.
participantsA nationally representative sample of US adults aged 20 years or older.
main outcome measuresWeight, height, and waist circumference among adults aged 20 years or older were measured by trained technicians using standardized protocols. Obesity was defined as body mass index of 30 or higher for non-Asians and 27.5 or higher for Asians. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of 102 cm or larger for men and 88 cm or larger for women. Body fat percentage and lean mass were measured among adults aged 20-59 years by using dual energy x ray absorptiometry.
resultsThis study included 21 399 adults from NHANES 2011-18. Body mass index was measured for 21 093 adults, waist circumference for 20 080 adults, and body fat percentage for 10 864 adults. For the overall population, age adjusted prevalence of general obesity increased from 35.4% (95% confidence interval 32.5% to 38.3%) in 2011-12 to 43.4% (39.8% to 47.0%) in 2017-18 (P for trend<0.001), and age adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 54.5% (51.2% to 57.8%) in 2011-12 to 59.1% (55.6% to 62.7%) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.02). Age adjusted mean body mass index increased from 28.7 (28.2 to 29.1) in 2011-12 to 29.8 (29.2 to 30.4) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.001), and age adjusted mean waist circumference increased from 98.4 cm (97.4 to 99.5 cm) in 2011-12 to 100.5 cm (98.9 to 102.1 cm) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.01). Significant increases were observed in body mass index and waist circumference among the Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic Asian groups (all P for trend<0.05), but not for the non-Hispanic black group. For body fat percentage, a significant increase was observed among non-Hispanic Asians (30.6%, 29.8% to 31.4% in 2011-12; 32.7%, 32.0% to 33.4% in 2017-18; P for trend=0.001), but not among other racial or ethnic groups. The age adjusted mean lean mass decreased in the non-Hispanic black group and increased in the non-Hispanic Asian group, but no statistically significant changes were found in other racial or ethnic groups.
conclusionsAmong US adults, an increasing trend was found in obesity and adiposity measures from 2011 to 2018, although disparities exist among racial or ethnic groups.
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