Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33727214›Full record

ArticleJournal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research2021

Behavioral health clinicians endorse stellate ganglion block as a valuable intervention in the treatment of trauma-related disorders.

James H Lynch, Peter D Muench, John C Okiishi, Gary E Means, Sean W Mulvaney

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
1.5field-weighted citation impact, top 17% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. The Stellate Ganglion Block for PTSD: A Retrospective Clinical Case Series.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026
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  4. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

James H LynchDepartment of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA james_lynch9@msn.com.ORCID 0000-0003-1221-5300
Peter D MuenchDepartment of Primary Care, McDonald Army Health Center, Fort Eustis, Virginia, USA.
John C OkiishiDepartments of Primary Care and Behavioral Health, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, USA.
Gary E MeansDepartments of Primary Care and Behavioral Health, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, USA.
Sean W MulvaneyDepartment of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences · USWomack Army Medical Center · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The stellate ganglion block (SGB) procedure has been used successfully for over 10 years to treat post-traumatic stress symptoms in thousands of US military service members, civilians, and veterans in select hospitals in Europe and North America. Primarily through targeting the autonomic nervous system, the SGB procedure serves as an invaluable adjunct to trauma-focused psychotherapy. Without published best practices for emerging therapies, clinicians are left on their own to determine how best to apply new treatments to their patient populations. The aim of this qualitative research was to compile attitudes and recommendations from therapists with expertise in using SGB for treating symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, so that their experiences could be disseminated widely to clinicians without SGB expertise. An 18-item survey was developed and distributed electronically to a group of behavioral health professionals of various specialties between May and June 2020. Of surveyed behavioral health clinicians with personal experience incorporating SGB into their trauma-focused psychotherapy, 95% of respondents would recommend SGB to a colleague as a useful tool for the treatment of trauma-related disorders. SGB was rated at least as useful as the most valuable interventions listed in the American Psychological Association Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder with 100% of respondents characterizing SGB as 'Very Beneficial' or 'Somewhat Beneficial', and 0 respondents characterizing SGB as 'Not Helpful' or 'Harmful'. Given the feedback from this study, behavioral health providers should consider using SGB in conjunction with standard trauma-focused care.

Indexed as

Autonomic Nerve BlockStellate GanglionStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticHumansSurveys and QuestionnairesVeteransautonomic nervous systempsychologicalpsychopathologypsychotherapystresssympathetic nervous system

Identifiers

PMID33727214
PMCPMC8223658
OpenAlexW3139118271

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.