ArticleThe international journal of cardiovascular imaging2021
Reference ranges and Z-scores of atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial time intervals in normal fetuses.
Article in The international journal of cardiovascular imaging, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of a Z-score equation for atrioventricular interval measurement by two-dimensional pulsed Doppler echocardiography in normal fetuses between 16 and 33+6 weeks of gestation.Ultrasonography (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- Better Precision in Fetal Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Management: Pre-excitation in Fetus or the Cardiologist?CJC pediatric and congenital heart disease · 2025Article
- Prenatal Detection of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome Using the Atrioventricular Interval on Fetal Echocardiogram.CJC pediatric and congenital heart disease · 2025Article
- Case report: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal non-compaction cardiomyopathy with bradycardia accompanied byFrontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo establish a reference range and compare differences among three methods, and then to construct Z-score reference ranges in normal fetuses from the three methods to provide an extra tool for fetal conduction time assessment.
methodsA total of 227 echocardiographic examinations were finally included. Fetal atrioventricular (AV) time and ventriculoatrial (VA) time intervals were measured by three methods: superior vena cava/ascending aorta (SVC/AAO), pulmonary artery/pulmonary vein (PA/PV) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Regression analysis of the mean and standard deviation was performed to establish Z-scores.
resultsWith the three methods, positive correlations of intervals with gestational age (GA) and fetal heart rate (FHA) were observed, while intervals were negatively correlated with fetal heart rate (FHR). Correlations between VA/AV and GA, FHA and FHR were weak. The general trend of all intervals was towards an increase. In AV intervals, PA/PV revealed the longest mean AV time interval and SVC/AAO showed the shortest interval. In addition, PA/PV revealed the shortest VA interval.
conclusionThis study presents not only the reference range of AV and VA intervals with the three methods but also the Z-score reference ranges for these indices against GA and FHA in normal fetuses. Each method has a different reference range, and appropriate application can facilitate diagnosis and treatment.
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