ArticleCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2021
Sex differences in mortality: results from a population-based study of 12 longitudinal cohorts.
Article in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Sex differences in life-course social disadvantage and all-cause mortality: evidence from a longitudinal study from 1996 to 2023.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Long-term Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Nationwide Population-Based Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Circulating cell type senescence signatures track distinct dimensions of health status and trajectories in human longitudinal cohorts.Cell reports · 2026Article
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- Associations of the hs-CRP/HDL-C ratio with cardiovascular metabolic multimorbidity: a large cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Circulating Cell Type Senescence Signatures Reveal High-Resolution Health Status and Trajectories in Human Longitudinal Studies.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sex and All-Cause Mortality in the US, 1999 to 2019.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Electrocardiographic sex index: a continuous representation of sex.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Impact of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease on Incident Cardiovascular Diseases and Mortality.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Article
- Comparing the association of novel Anthropometric and atherogenicity indices with all-cause, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in a general population of Iranian adults.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Article
- Association of Cognitive Frailty With Subsequent All-Cause Mortality Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in 17 Countries.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2025Article
- Housing matters: The long-term impact of stable housing on mortality among people with HIV in British Columbia, Canada.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Gender differences in quality of dying and death among older adults: a cross-sectional study in China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiorespiratory mortality: an ecological small-area study in five cities in Colombia.Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- Intersectional analysis of social determinants of health and their association with mortality in patients with multimorbidity.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Article
- A critique and examination of the polysocial risk score approach: predicting cognition in the Health and Retirement Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen generally have longer life expectancy than men but have higher levels of disability and morbidity. Few studies have identified factors that explain higher mortality in men. The aim of this study was to identify potential factors contributing to sex differences in mortality at older age and to investigate variation across countries.
methodsThis study included participants age ≥ 50 yr from 28 countries in 12 cohort studies of the Ageing Trajectories of Health: Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies (ATHLOS) consortium. Using a 2-step individual participant data meta-analysis framework, we applied Cox proportional hazards modelling to investigate the association between sex and mortality across different countries. We included socioeconomic (education, wealth), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption), social (marital status, living alone) and health factors (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental disorders) as covariates or interaction terms with sex to test whether these factors contributed to the mortality gap between men and women.
resultsThe study included 179 044 individuals. Men had 60% higher mortality risk than women after adjustment for age (pooled hazard ratio [HR] 1.6; 95% confidence interval 1.5-1.7), yet the effect sizes varied across countries (
interpretationLifestyle and health factors may partially account for excess mortality in men compared with women, but residual variation remains unaccounted for. Variation in the effect sizes across countries may indicate contextual factors contributing to gender inequality in specific settings.
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