SynthesisJournal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer2021
Tobacco Smoking and Risk of Second Primary Lung Cancer.
Synthesis in Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Causal association between plasma proteins and lung adenocarcinoma: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of bronchiectasis in adults: a meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Smoking as a risk factor for colorectal neoplasms in young individuals? A systematic meta-analysis.International journal of colorectal disease · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of surgical outcomes and prognostic factors of second primary lung cancer based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC surgery · 2023Pooled it
- Risk factors for mortality among lung cancer patients with covid-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Secondary Analysis of the Rate of Second Primary Lung Cancer From Cancer and Leukemia Group B 140503 (Alliance) Trial of Lobar Versus Sublobar Resection for T1aN0 Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2024Trial
- Air pollution and the risk of second primary lung cancer among lung cancer survivors: the prospective UK Biobank cohort study.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Study on the correlation between seven emotions and traditional Chinese medicine syndromes, serum IL-6 and IFN-γ in patients with primary lung cancer.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Overall Survival Among Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Across Clinical Stages: A Population-Based SEER Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Integrating central-slice anatomy and MRF-mapped radiomics dynamics for lung adenocarcinoma subtyping.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Global disparities in lifetime risk of lung cancer: links to socioeconomic development, smoking, and fine particulate matter from GLOBOCAN 2022.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Association Between EGFR Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Dietary Legume Intake.Current drug targets · 2026Article
- Theragenerative Nanomaterials: Integrating Therapy, Regeneration, and Diagnosis-Navigating the Shared Pathways Between Tissue Repair and Malignancy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Patterns of exclusive, dual and poly tobacco products use among cancer survivors in the United States.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2025Article
- Fucoidan for Lung Cancer Therapy: A Review of Classification, Mechanisms, and Preclinical Studies.ACS omega · 2025Review
- Second Primary Lung Cancer Associated With Family History of Lung Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Favorable survival of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with metachronous multiple primary cancers: A retrospective study.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Leveraging large language models to extract smoking history from clinical notes for lung cancer surveillance.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Second primary lung cancer and treatment strategy after lobectomyJournal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 14 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionLung cancer survivors are at high risk of developing a second primary lung cancer (SPLC). However, SPLC risk factors have not been established and the impact of tobacco smoking remains controversial. We examined the risk factors for SPLC across multiple epidemiologic cohorts and evaluated the impact of smoking cessation on reducing SPLC risk.
methodsWe analyzed data from 7059 participants in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) diagnosed with an initial primary lung cancer (IPLC) between 1993 and 2017. Cause-specific proportional hazards models estimated SPLC risk. We conducted validation studies using the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (N = 3423 IPLC cases) and European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (N = 4731 IPLC cases) cohorts and pooled the SPLC risk estimates using random effects meta-analysis.
resultsOverall, 163 MEC cases (2.3%) developed SPLC. Smoking pack-years (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.18 per 10 pack-years, p < 0.001) and smoking intensity (HR = 1.30 per 10 cigarettes per day, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with increased SPLC risk. Individuals who met the 2013 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's screening criteria at IPLC diagnosis also had an increased SPLC risk (HR = 1.92; p < 0.001). Validation studies with the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial and European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition revealed consistent results. Meta-analysis yielded pooled HRs of 1.16 per 10 pack-years (p
conclusionsTobacco smoking is a risk factor for SPLC. Smoking cessation may reduce the risk of SPLC. Additional strategies for SPLC surveillance and screening are warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.