Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33722411›Full record

SynthesisVaccine2021

International estimates of intended uptake and refusal of COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of large nationally representative samples.

Eric Robinson, Andrew Jones, India Lesser, Michael Daly

Open access · greenAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Vaccine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 323 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
323citing papers in PubMed, 14 pooled it
59.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

323 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 523 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025
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  9. Implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A systematic review.Journal of infection and public health · 2023
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  15. Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors Associated With COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in a Mixed Urban-Rural Population in Eastern Poland.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026
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263 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Eric RobinsonDepartment of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK. Electronic address: eric.robinson@liv.ac.uk.
Andrew JonesDepartment of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
India LesserDepartment of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
Michael DalyDepartment of Psychology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
University of Liverpool · GBNational University of Ireland, Maynooth · IE

Funding

European Research Council
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWidespread uptake of COVID-19 vaccines will be essential to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccines have been developed in unprecedented time and quantifying levels of hesitancy towards vaccination among the general population is of importance.

methodsSystematic review and meta-analysis of studies using large nationally representative samples (n ≥ 1000) to examine the percentage of the population intending to vaccinate, unsure, or intending to refuse a COVID-19 vaccine when available. Generic inverse meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to pool estimates and examine time trends. PubMed, Scopus and pre-printer servers were searched from January-November 2020. Registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020223132).

findingsTwenty-eight nationally representative samples (n = 58,656) from 13 countries indicate that as the pandemic has progressed, the percentage of people intending to vaccinate decreased and the percentage of people intending to refuse vaccination increased. Pooled data from surveys conducted during June-October suggest that 60% (95% CI: 49% to 69%) intend to vaccinate and 20% (95% CI: 13% to 29%) intend to refuse vaccination, although intentions vary substantially between samples and countries (I

interpretationIntentions to be vaccinated when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available have been declining across countries and there is an urgent need to address social inequalities in vaccine hesitancy and promote widespread uptake of vaccines as they become available.

fundingN/A.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesCross-Sectional StudiesEthnicityFemaleHumansIntentionMaleMinority GroupsPandemicsVaccinationVaccination RefusalCOVID-19 VaccinesAcceptanceAttitudesCoronavirusCOVID-19IntentionsVaccine

Identifiers

PMID33722411
PMCPMC7867398
OpenAlexW3128584009

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.