ReviewMolecular cancer2021
Clinical and immunological effects of mRNA vaccines in malignant diseases.
Review in Molecular cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Research Progress, Application, and Industrialization Prospects of Circular RNA Vaccines in Viral Diseases.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Hydrophobic Tail and Linker Diversification of PEG-Lipids Unlocks Precise Muscle Tropism of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Messenger RNA Vaccines.Health science reports · 2026Article
- A lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA vaccine elicits immunity against porcine circovirus type 2 in mice.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Oncofetal reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma: linking developmental programs to cancer vaccines and immunotherapy.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Review
- Cancer neuroscience: signaling pathways and new therapeutic strategies for cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Review
- Harnessing Vaccines in the Treatment of Solid Tumors: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Review
- mRNA vaccines for gastrointestinal cancers: a paradigm shift in treatment.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Target, silence, replace: a review on RNA-based drugs in modern medicine.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- mRNA cancer vaccines: delivery strategies, immune modulation, and clinical translation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- mRNA-LNP vaccination orchestrates systemic immunity to control human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Diverse approaches and sources to derive antitumor T cell for liver cancer: a single-cell sequence based research.Hepatology international · 2025Article
- Cyclodextrins as Active Therapeutic Agents: Beyond Their Role as Excipients.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Comparison of immunogenicity and protection efficacy of self-amplifying and circular mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.iScience · 2025Article
- Advances and Strategies in Enhancing mRNA Cancer Vaccines.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
- Identification of T-Cell Epitopes and Vaccine Development for African Swine Fever Virus.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Low-liver-accumulation lipid nanoparticles enhance the efficacy and safety of HPV therapeutic tumor vaccines.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In vitro-transcribed messenger RNA-based therapeutics represent a relatively novel and highly efficient class of drugs. Several recently published studies emphasize the potential efficacy of mRNA vaccines in treating different types of malignant and infectious diseases where conventional vaccine strategies and platforms fail to elicit protective immune responses. mRNA vaccines have lately raised high interest as potent vaccines against SARS-CoV2. Direct application of mRNA or its electroporation into dendritic cells was shown to induce polyclonal CD4+ and CD8+ mediated antigen-specific T cell responses as well as the production of protective antibodies with the ability to eliminate transformed or infected cells. More importantly, the vaccine composition may include two or more mRNAs coding for different proteins or long peptides. This enables the induction of polyclonal immune responses against a broad variety of epitopes within the encoded antigens that are presented on various MHC complexes, thus avoiding the restriction to a certain HLA molecule or possible immune escape due to antigen-loss. The development and design of mRNA therapies was recently boosted by several critical innovations including the development of technologies for the production and delivery of high quality and stable mRNA. Several technical obstacles such as stability, delivery and immunogenicity were addressed in the past and gradually solved in the recent years.This review will summarize the most recent technological developments and application of mRNA vaccines in clinical trials and discusses the results, challenges and future directions with a special focus on the induced innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.