ArticleClinical and experimental pediatrics2021
Risk factors for childhood pneumonia: a case-control study in a high prevalence area in Indonesia.
Article in Clinical and experimental pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors Associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections in Children Under Five at a Peruvian Emergency Hospital.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Pneumonia and Its Associated Factors Among Children Under Five Years in Eastern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Risk Factors and Predictors of Pneumonia Among Under-Five Children in Sana'a City, Yemen: A Multicenter Case-Control Study.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Pneumonia incidence and determinants in South Punjab, Pakistan (2016-2020): a spatial epidemiological study at Tehsil-level.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- Article
- Can Lung Ultrasound Act as a Diagnosis and Monitoring Tool in Children with Community Acquired Pneumonia? Correlation with Risk Factors, Clinical Indicators and Biologic Results.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Data-driven machine learning algorithm model for pneumonia prediction and determinant factor stratification among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- SPATIAL MODELING OF RISK FACTORS FOR UNDER-FIVE PNEUMONIA IN ROKAN HILIR DISTRICT, INDONESIA.African journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Multicentre case-control study of pneumococcal infections among children with pneumonia in Peninsular Malaysia (MY-Pneumo): a study protocol.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Understanding the Correlation between Blood Profile and the Duration of Hospitalization in Pediatric Bronchopneumonia Patients: A Cross-Sectional Original Article.Journal of critical care medicine (Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie din Targu-Mures) · 2024Article
- Determinants of low birth weight and its effect on childhood health and nutritional outcomes in Bangladesh.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Analysis of risk factor for pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar.Journal of education and health promotion · 2024Article
- Prevalence and impact of malnutrition on outcomes and mortality of under-five years children with pneumonia: a study from Upper Egypt.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Risk factors for childhood pneumonia at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia: a case-control study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2022Article
- The Association of Self-Reported Birthweight with Lung Function and Respiratory Diseases: Results from a Multi-Centre, Multi-Case Control Study in Italy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Exclusive Breastfeeding and Childhood Morbidity: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Risk Factors of Pneumonia Among Under-five Children Attending the Public Hospital of Hadiya Central Ethiopia 2024.SAGE open nursingArticle
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAcute respiratory infections (ARIs), especially pneumonia, remain a major cause of infant mortality worldwide. In Indonesia, pneumonia is the second most common cause of infant and toddler deaths. Exclusive breastfeeding and basic immunization can protect infants and children from contracting pneumonia. PURPOSE: Our goal was to assess the risk factors for childhood pneumonia in regions with a high prevalence of pneumonia in Indonesia.
methodsThis case-control study was conducted between March and April 2019. A total of 176 infants and toddlers aged 10-59 months were enrolled and selected from among patients who visited the community health center. Cases of pneumonia were diagnosed clinically based on the World Health Organization guidelines, and the control was nonpneumonia.
resultsThe risk factors for the diagnosis of pneumonia included no or nonexclusive breastfeeding (odds ratio [OR], 7.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.52-17.94), incomplete basic immunizations (OR, 4.47; 95% CI, 2.22-8.99), indoor air pollution (OR, 7.12; 95% CI, 3.03-16.70), low birth weight (OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.19-8.92), and a high degree of wasting (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.06-7.17). Other variables such as nutritional status (height-for-age z score), age, sex, and educational status of the mother were not risk factors for pneumonia.
conclusionNo or nonexclusive breastfeeding, incomplete basic immunizations, indoor air pollution, a history of low birth weight, and severe malnutrition were risk factors for childhood pneumonia. Breastfeeding was the dominant factor, while sex modified the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of pneumonia.
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