ReviewPediatric pulmonology2021
COVID-19 in childhood: Transmission, clinical presentation, complications and risk factors.
Review in Pediatric pulmonology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of outbreaks of COVID-19 within households in the European region when the child is the index case.BMJ paediatrics open · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on the preventive behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic among children and adolescents.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with juvenile immune mediated inflammatory disease.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- The role of household composition in social isolation and anxiety: evidence from adults in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Insights Into monoclonal antibodies and vaccines targeting respiratory viruses.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- In-hospital course of children with COVID-19 infection - Results of the German nationwide inpatient sample.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Hospitalization and Mortality in Brazilian Children and Adolescents Due to COVID-19: Retrospective Study.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Article
- Observational
- NRF2 Antioxidant Response and Interferon-Stimulated Genes Are Differentially Expressed in SARS-CoV-2-Positive Young Subjects.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Article
- The underlying mechanism behind the different outcomes of COVID-19 in children and adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Patients' and Parents' Concerns over Orthodontic Treatment during the COVID - 19 Pandemic.Acta stomatologica Croatica · 2024Article
- Fulminant coronavirus disease 2019 meningitis in Iranian infants: a case series.Journal of medical case reports · 2024Article
- Clinical and Epidemiological Assessment of Children and Adolescents Hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in the Pre-Amazon Region.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Evaluating the impact of childhood BMI on the risk of coronavirus disease 2019: A Mendelian randomization study.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2024Article
- Infection and Vaccine Induced Spike Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in COVID-19-Naïve Children and Adults.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Racial, socioeconomic, and neighborhood characteristics in relation to COVID-19 severity of illness for adolescents and young adults.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in children and adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus.Endocrine · 2023Review
- Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hospital population: a clinical comparison across age groups.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- A multi-country survey of the socio-demographic factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pediatric patients with autoimmune disorders.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Children less than 18 years of age account for an estimated 2%-5% of reported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases globally. Lower prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among children, in addition to higher numbers of mild and asymptomatic cases, continues to provide challenges in determining appropriate prevention and treatment courses. Here, we summarize the current evidence on the transmission, clinical presentation, complications and risk factors in regard to SARS-CoV-2 in children, and highlight crucial gaps in knowledge going forward. Based on current evidence, children are rarely the primary source of secondary transmission in the household or in child care and school settings and are more likely to contract the virus from an adult household member. Higher transmission rates are observed in older children (10-19 years old) compared with younger children ( <10 years old). While increasing incidence of COVID-19 in neonates raises the suspicion of vertical transmission, it is unlikely that breast milk is a vehicle for transmission from mother to infant. The vast majority of clinical cases of COVID-19 in children are mild, but there are rare cases that have developed complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, which often presents with severe cardiac symptoms requiring intensive care. Childhood obesity is associated with a higher risk of infection and a more severe clinical presentation. Although immediate mortality rates among children are low, long-term respiratory, and developmental implications of the disease remain unknown in this young and vulnerable population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.